Chapter 14 NCERT Solution - Mathematical Reasoning - Class 11

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Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.1  
Question 1: 
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer. 
(i) There are 35 days in a month. 
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10. 
(iv) The square of a number is an even number. 
(v) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length. 
(vi) Answer this question. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is 8. 
(viii) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°. 
(ix) Today is a windy day. 
(x) All real numbers are complex numbers. 
Answer  
 (i) This sentence is incorrect because the maximum number of days in a month is 31. 
Hence, it is a statement. 
(ii) This sentence is subjective in the sense that for some people, mathematics can be 
easy and for some others, it can be difficult. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater than 10. Therefore, this sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
(iv) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, the 
square of 2 is an even number. However, the square of 3 is an odd number. Hence, it is 
not a statement. 
(v) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, squares 
and rhombus have sides of equal lengths. However, trapezium and rectangles have sides 
of unequal lengths. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(vi) It is an order. Therefore, it is not a statement. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is (–8). Therefore, the given sentence is incorrect. Hence, 
it is a statement. 
(viii) This sentence is correct and hence, it is a statement. 
(ix) The day that is being referred to is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a 
statement. 
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Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.1  
Question 1: 
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer. 
(i) There are 35 days in a month. 
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10. 
(iv) The square of a number is an even number. 
(v) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length. 
(vi) Answer this question. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is 8. 
(viii) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°. 
(ix) Today is a windy day. 
(x) All real numbers are complex numbers. 
Answer  
 (i) This sentence is incorrect because the maximum number of days in a month is 31. 
Hence, it is a statement. 
(ii) This sentence is subjective in the sense that for some people, mathematics can be 
easy and for some others, it can be difficult. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater than 10. Therefore, this sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
(iv) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, the 
square of 2 is an even number. However, the square of 3 is an odd number. Hence, it is 
not a statement. 
(v) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, squares 
and rhombus have sides of equal lengths. However, trapezium and rectangles have sides 
of unequal lengths. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(vi) It is an order. Therefore, it is not a statement. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is (–8). Therefore, the given sentence is incorrect. Hence, 
it is a statement. 
(viii) This sentence is correct and hence, it is a statement. 
(ix) The day that is being referred to is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a 
statement. 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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(x) All real numbers can be written as a × 1 + 0 × i. Therefore, the given sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
 
Question 2: 
Give three examples of sentences which are not statements. Give reasons for the 
answers. 
Answer  
The three examples of sentences, which are not statements, are as follows. 
(i) He is a doctor. 
It is not evident from the sentence as to whom ‘he’ is referred to. Therefore, it is not a 
statement. 
(ii) Geometry is difficult. 
This is not a statement because for some people, geometry can be easy and for some 
others, it can be difficult. 
(iii) Where is she going? 
This is a question, which also contains ‘she’, and it is not evident as to who ‘she’ is. 
Hence, it is not a statement. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
Page 1 of 17 
Exercise 14.1  
Question 1: 
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer. 
(i) There are 35 days in a month. 
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10. 
(iv) The square of a number is an even number. 
(v) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length. 
(vi) Answer this question. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is 8. 
(viii) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°. 
(ix) Today is a windy day. 
(x) All real numbers are complex numbers. 
Answer  
 (i) This sentence is incorrect because the maximum number of days in a month is 31. 
Hence, it is a statement. 
(ii) This sentence is subjective in the sense that for some people, mathematics can be 
easy and for some others, it can be difficult. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater than 10. Therefore, this sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
(iv) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, the 
square of 2 is an even number. However, the square of 3 is an odd number. Hence, it is 
not a statement. 
(v) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, squares 
and rhombus have sides of equal lengths. However, trapezium and rectangles have sides 
of unequal lengths. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(vi) It is an order. Therefore, it is not a statement. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is (–8). Therefore, the given sentence is incorrect. Hence, 
it is a statement. 
(viii) This sentence is correct and hence, it is a statement. 
(ix) The day that is being referred to is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a 
statement. 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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(x) All real numbers can be written as a × 1 + 0 × i. Therefore, the given sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
 
Question 2: 
Give three examples of sentences which are not statements. Give reasons for the 
answers. 
Answer  
The three examples of sentences, which are not statements, are as follows. 
(i) He is a doctor. 
It is not evident from the sentence as to whom ‘he’ is referred to. Therefore, it is not a 
statement. 
(ii) Geometry is difficult. 
This is not a statement because for some people, geometry can be easy and for some 
others, it can be difficult. 
(iii) Where is she going? 
This is a question, which also contains ‘she’, and it is not evident as to who ‘she’ is. 
Hence, it is not a statement. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.2  
Question 1: 
Write the negation of the following statements: 
(i) Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is not a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are not equilateral triangle. 
(iv) The number 2 is greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is an integer. 
Answer  
 (i) Chennai is not the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are equilateral triangles. 
(iv) The number 2 is not greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is not an integer. 
 
Question 2: 
Are the following pairs of statements negations of each other? 
(i) The number x is not a rational number. 
The number x is not an irrational number. 
(ii) The number x is a rational number. 
The number x is an irrational number. 
Answer  
 (i) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is a rational number”. 
This is same as the second statement. This is because if a number is not an irrational 
number, then it is a rational number. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
(ii) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is not a rational number”. This 
means that the number x is an irrational number, which is the same as the second 
statement. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
 
 
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Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.1  
Question 1: 
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer. 
(i) There are 35 days in a month. 
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10. 
(iv) The square of a number is an even number. 
(v) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length. 
(vi) Answer this question. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is 8. 
(viii) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°. 
(ix) Today is a windy day. 
(x) All real numbers are complex numbers. 
Answer  
 (i) This sentence is incorrect because the maximum number of days in a month is 31. 
Hence, it is a statement. 
(ii) This sentence is subjective in the sense that for some people, mathematics can be 
easy and for some others, it can be difficult. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater than 10. Therefore, this sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
(iv) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, the 
square of 2 is an even number. However, the square of 3 is an odd number. Hence, it is 
not a statement. 
(v) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, squares 
and rhombus have sides of equal lengths. However, trapezium and rectangles have sides 
of unequal lengths. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(vi) It is an order. Therefore, it is not a statement. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is (–8). Therefore, the given sentence is incorrect. Hence, 
it is a statement. 
(viii) This sentence is correct and hence, it is a statement. 
(ix) The day that is being referred to is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a 
statement. 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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(x) All real numbers can be written as a × 1 + 0 × i. Therefore, the given sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
 
Question 2: 
Give three examples of sentences which are not statements. Give reasons for the 
answers. 
Answer  
The three examples of sentences, which are not statements, are as follows. 
(i) He is a doctor. 
It is not evident from the sentence as to whom ‘he’ is referred to. Therefore, it is not a 
statement. 
(ii) Geometry is difficult. 
This is not a statement because for some people, geometry can be easy and for some 
others, it can be difficult. 
(iii) Where is she going? 
This is a question, which also contains ‘she’, and it is not evident as to who ‘she’ is. 
Hence, it is not a statement. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.2  
Question 1: 
Write the negation of the following statements: 
(i) Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is not a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are not equilateral triangle. 
(iv) The number 2 is greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is an integer. 
Answer  
 (i) Chennai is not the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are equilateral triangles. 
(iv) The number 2 is not greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is not an integer. 
 
Question 2: 
Are the following pairs of statements negations of each other? 
(i) The number x is not a rational number. 
The number x is not an irrational number. 
(ii) The number x is a rational number. 
The number x is an irrational number. 
Answer  
 (i) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is a rational number”. 
This is same as the second statement. This is because if a number is not an irrational 
number, then it is a rational number. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
(ii) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is not a rational number”. This 
means that the number x is an irrational number, which is the same as the second 
statement. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Question 3: 
Find the component statements of the following compound statements and check 
whether they are true or false. 
(i) Number 3 is prime or it is odd. 
(ii) All integers are positive or negative. 
(iii) 100 is divisible by 3, 11 and 5. 
Answer  
 (i) The component statements are as follows. 
p: Number 3 is prime. 
q: Number 3 is odd. 
Both the statements are true. 
(ii) The component statements are as follows. 
p: All integers are positive. 
q: All integers are negative. 
Both the statements are false. 
(iii) The component statements are as follows. 
p: 100 is divisible by 3. 
q: 100 is divisible by 11. 
r: 100 is divisible by 5. 
Here, the statements, p and q, are false and statement r is true. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.1  
Question 1: 
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answer. 
(i) There are 35 days in a month. 
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10. 
(iv) The square of a number is an even number. 
(v) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length. 
(vi) Answer this question. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is 8. 
(viii) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°. 
(ix) Today is a windy day. 
(x) All real numbers are complex numbers. 
Answer  
 (i) This sentence is incorrect because the maximum number of days in a month is 31. 
Hence, it is a statement. 
(ii) This sentence is subjective in the sense that for some people, mathematics can be 
easy and for some others, it can be difficult. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(iii) The sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater than 10. Therefore, this sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
(iv) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, the 
square of 2 is an even number. However, the square of 3 is an odd number. Hence, it is 
not a statement. 
(v) This sentence is sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. For example, squares 
and rhombus have sides of equal lengths. However, trapezium and rectangles have sides 
of unequal lengths. Hence, it is not a statement. 
(vi) It is an order. Therefore, it is not a statement. 
(vii) The product of (–1) and 8 is (–8). Therefore, the given sentence is incorrect. Hence, 
it is a statement. 
(viii) This sentence is correct and hence, it is a statement. 
(ix) The day that is being referred to is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a 
statement. 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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(x) All real numbers can be written as a × 1 + 0 × i. Therefore, the given sentence is 
always correct. Hence, it is a statement. 
 
Question 2: 
Give three examples of sentences which are not statements. Give reasons for the 
answers. 
Answer  
The three examples of sentences, which are not statements, are as follows. 
(i) He is a doctor. 
It is not evident from the sentence as to whom ‘he’ is referred to. Therefore, it is not a 
statement. 
(ii) Geometry is difficult. 
This is not a statement because for some people, geometry can be easy and for some 
others, it can be difficult. 
(iii) Where is she going? 
This is a question, which also contains ‘she’, and it is not evident as to who ‘she’ is. 
Hence, it is not a statement. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.2  
Question 1: 
Write the negation of the following statements: 
(i) Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is not a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are not equilateral triangle. 
(iv) The number 2 is greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is an integer. 
Answer  
 (i) Chennai is not the capital of Tamil Nadu. 
(ii) is a complex number. 
(iii) All triangles are equilateral triangles. 
(iv) The number 2 is not greater than 7. 
(v) Every natural number is not an integer. 
 
Question 2: 
Are the following pairs of statements negations of each other? 
(i) The number x is not a rational number. 
The number x is not an irrational number. 
(ii) The number x is a rational number. 
The number x is an irrational number. 
Answer  
 (i) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is a rational number”. 
This is same as the second statement. This is because if a number is not an irrational 
number, then it is a rational number. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
(ii) The negation of the first statement is “the number x is not a rational number”. This 
means that the number x is an irrational number, which is the same as the second 
statement. 
Therefore, the given statements are negations of each other. 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Question 3: 
Find the component statements of the following compound statements and check 
whether they are true or false. 
(i) Number 3 is prime or it is odd. 
(ii) All integers are positive or negative. 
(iii) 100 is divisible by 3, 11 and 5. 
Answer  
 (i) The component statements are as follows. 
p: Number 3 is prime. 
q: Number 3 is odd. 
Both the statements are true. 
(ii) The component statements are as follows. 
p: All integers are positive. 
q: All integers are negative. 
Both the statements are false. 
(iii) The component statements are as follows. 
p: 100 is divisible by 3. 
q: 100 is divisible by 11. 
r: 100 is divisible by 5. 
Here, the statements, p and q, are false and statement r is true. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class XI Chapter 14 – Mathematical Reasoning Maths 
 
 
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Exercise 14.3  
Question 1: 
For each of the following compound statements first identify the connecting words and 
then break it into component statements. 
(i) All rational numbers are real and all real numbers are not complex. 
(ii) Square of an integer is positive or negative. 
(iii) The sand heats up quickly in the Sun and does not cool down fast at night. 
(iv) x = 2 and x = 3 are the roots of the equation 3x
2
 – x – 10 = 0. 
Answer  
 (i) Here, the connecting word is ‘and’. 
The component statements are as follows. 
p: All rational numbers are real. 
q: All real numbers are not complex. 
(ii) Here, the connecting word is ‘or’. 
The component statements are as follows. 
p: Square of an integer is positive. 
q: Square of an integer is negative. 
(iii) Here, the connecting word is ‘and’. 
The component statements are as follows. 
p: The sand heats up quickly in the sun. 
q: The sand does not cool down fast at night. 
(iv) Here, the connecting word is ‘and’. 
The component statements are as follows. 
p: x = 2 is a root of the equation 3x
2
 – x – 10 = 0 
q: x = 3 is a root of the equation 3x
2
 – x – 10 = 0 
 
Question 2: 
Identify the quantifier in the following statements and write the negation of the 
statements. 
(i) There exists a number which is equal to its square. 
(ii) For every real number x, x is less than x + 1. 
(iii) There exists a capital for every state in India. 
Answer