Page 1 A company raises its capital by means of issue of shares. But the funds raised by the issue of shares are seldom adequate to meet their long term financial needs of a company. Hence, most companies turn to raising long-term funds also through debentures which are issued either through the route of private placement or by offering the same to the public. The finances raised through debentures are also known as long-term debt. This chapter deals with the accounting treatment of issue and redemption of debentures and other related aspects. SECTION I 2.1 Meaning of Debentures Debenture: The word ‘debenture’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘debere’ which means to borrow. Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company. It contains a contract for repayment of principal after a specified period or at intervals or at the option of the company and for payment of interest at a fixed rate payable usually either half-yearly or yearly on fixed dates. According to section 2(30) of The Companies Act, 2013 ‘Debenture’ includes Debenture Inventory, Bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. LEARNING O BJECTIVES After studying this chapter you will be able to : • state the meaning of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares; • describe various types of debentures; • record the journal entries for the issue of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium; • explain the concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof; • explain the concept of issue of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof; • record the journal entries for issue of debentures with various terms of issue, terms of redemption; • show the items relating to issue of debentures in company’s balance sheet; • describe the methods of writing-off discount/loss on issue of debentures; • explain the methods of redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof; and • explain the concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof. Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2 2020-21 Page 2 A company raises its capital by means of issue of shares. But the funds raised by the issue of shares are seldom adequate to meet their long term financial needs of a company. Hence, most companies turn to raising long-term funds also through debentures which are issued either through the route of private placement or by offering the same to the public. The finances raised through debentures are also known as long-term debt. This chapter deals with the accounting treatment of issue and redemption of debentures and other related aspects. SECTION I 2.1 Meaning of Debentures Debenture: The word ‘debenture’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘debere’ which means to borrow. Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company. It contains a contract for repayment of principal after a specified period or at intervals or at the option of the company and for payment of interest at a fixed rate payable usually either half-yearly or yearly on fixed dates. According to section 2(30) of The Companies Act, 2013 ‘Debenture’ includes Debenture Inventory, Bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. LEARNING O BJECTIVES After studying this chapter you will be able to : • state the meaning of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares; • describe various types of debentures; • record the journal entries for the issue of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium; • explain the concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof; • explain the concept of issue of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof; • record the journal entries for issue of debentures with various terms of issue, terms of redemption; • show the items relating to issue of debentures in company’s balance sheet; • describe the methods of writing-off discount/loss on issue of debentures; • explain the methods of redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof; and • explain the concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof. Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2 2020-21 74 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements Bond: Bond is also an instrument of acknowledgement of debt. Traditionally, the Government issued bonds, but these days, bonds are also being issued by semi-government and non-governmental organisations. The terms ‘debentures’ and ‘Bonds’ are now being used inter-changeably. 2.2 Distinction between Shares and Debentures Ownership: A ‘share’ represents ownership of the company whereas a debenture is only acknowledgement of Debt. A share is a part of the owned capital whereas a debenture is a part of borrowed capital. Return: The return on shares is known as dividend while the return on debentures is called interest. The rate of return on shares may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company but the rate of interest on debentures is prefixed. The payment of dividend is an appropriation of profits, whereas the payment of interest is a charge on profits and is to be paid even if there is no profit. Repayment: Normally, the amount of shares is not returned during the life of the company, whereas, generally, the debentures are issued for a specified period and repayable on the expiry of that period. Voting Rights: Shareholders enjoy voting rights whereas debentureholders do not normally enjoy any voting right. Security : Shares are not secured by any charge whereas the debentures are generally secured and carry a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company. Convertibility: Shares cannot be converted into debentures whereas debentures can be converted into shares if the terms of issue so provide, and in that case these are known as convertible debentures. 2.3 Types of Debentures A company may issue different kinds of debentures which can be classified as under: 2.3.1 From the Point of view of Security (a) Secured Debentures: Secured debentures refer to those debentures where a charge is created on the assets of the company for the purpose of payment in case of default. The charge may be fixed or floating. A fixed charge is created on a specific asset whereas a floating charge is 2020-21 Page 3 A company raises its capital by means of issue of shares. But the funds raised by the issue of shares are seldom adequate to meet their long term financial needs of a company. Hence, most companies turn to raising long-term funds also through debentures which are issued either through the route of private placement or by offering the same to the public. The finances raised through debentures are also known as long-term debt. This chapter deals with the accounting treatment of issue and redemption of debentures and other related aspects. SECTION I 2.1 Meaning of Debentures Debenture: The word ‘debenture’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘debere’ which means to borrow. Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company. It contains a contract for repayment of principal after a specified period or at intervals or at the option of the company and for payment of interest at a fixed rate payable usually either half-yearly or yearly on fixed dates. According to section 2(30) of The Companies Act, 2013 ‘Debenture’ includes Debenture Inventory, Bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. LEARNING O BJECTIVES After studying this chapter you will be able to : • state the meaning of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares; • describe various types of debentures; • record the journal entries for the issue of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium; • explain the concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof; • explain the concept of issue of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof; • record the journal entries for issue of debentures with various terms of issue, terms of redemption; • show the items relating to issue of debentures in company’s balance sheet; • describe the methods of writing-off discount/loss on issue of debentures; • explain the methods of redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof; and • explain the concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof. Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2 2020-21 74 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements Bond: Bond is also an instrument of acknowledgement of debt. Traditionally, the Government issued bonds, but these days, bonds are also being issued by semi-government and non-governmental organisations. The terms ‘debentures’ and ‘Bonds’ are now being used inter-changeably. 2.2 Distinction between Shares and Debentures Ownership: A ‘share’ represents ownership of the company whereas a debenture is only acknowledgement of Debt. A share is a part of the owned capital whereas a debenture is a part of borrowed capital. Return: The return on shares is known as dividend while the return on debentures is called interest. The rate of return on shares may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company but the rate of interest on debentures is prefixed. The payment of dividend is an appropriation of profits, whereas the payment of interest is a charge on profits and is to be paid even if there is no profit. Repayment: Normally, the amount of shares is not returned during the life of the company, whereas, generally, the debentures are issued for a specified period and repayable on the expiry of that period. Voting Rights: Shareholders enjoy voting rights whereas debentureholders do not normally enjoy any voting right. Security : Shares are not secured by any charge whereas the debentures are generally secured and carry a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company. Convertibility: Shares cannot be converted into debentures whereas debentures can be converted into shares if the terms of issue so provide, and in that case these are known as convertible debentures. 2.3 Types of Debentures A company may issue different kinds of debentures which can be classified as under: 2.3.1 From the Point of view of Security (a) Secured Debentures: Secured debentures refer to those debentures where a charge is created on the assets of the company for the purpose of payment in case of default. The charge may be fixed or floating. A fixed charge is created on a specific asset whereas a floating charge is 2020-21 75 Issue and Redemption of Debentures on the general assets of the company. The fixed charge is created against those assets which are held by a company for use in operations not meant for sale whereas floating charge involves all assets excluding those assigned to the secured creditors. (b) Unsecured Debentures: Unsecured debentures do not have a specific charge on the assets of the company. However, a floating charge may be created on these debentures by default. Normally, these kinds of debentures are not issued. 2.3.2 From the Point of view of Tenure (a) Redeemable Debentures: Redeemable debentures are those which are payable on the expiry of the specific period either in lump sum or in Instalments during the life time of the company. Debentures can be redeemed either at par or at premium. (b) Irredeemable Debentures: Irredeemable debentures are also known as Perpetual Debentures because the company does not give any undertaking for the repayment of money borrowed by issuing such debentures. These debentures are repayable on the winding-up of a company or on the expiry of a long period. 2.3.3 From the Point of view of Convertibility (a) Convertible Debentures: Debentures which are convertible into equity shares or in any other security either at the option of the company or the debentureholders are called convertible debentures. These debentures are either fully convertible or partly convertible. (b) Non-Convertible Debentures: The debentures which cannot be converted into shares or in any other securities are called non- convertible debentures. Most debentures issued by companies fall in this category. 2.3.4 From Coupon Rate Point of view (a) Specific Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures are issued with a specified rate of interest, which is called the coupon rate. The specified rate may either be fixed or floating. The floating interest rate is usually tagged with the bank rate. (b) Zero Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures do not carry a specific rate of interest. In order to compensate the investors, such debentures are issued at substantial discount and the difference between the nominal value and the issue price is treated as the amount of interest related to the duration of the debentures. 2020-21 Page 4 A company raises its capital by means of issue of shares. But the funds raised by the issue of shares are seldom adequate to meet their long term financial needs of a company. Hence, most companies turn to raising long-term funds also through debentures which are issued either through the route of private placement or by offering the same to the public. The finances raised through debentures are also known as long-term debt. This chapter deals with the accounting treatment of issue and redemption of debentures and other related aspects. SECTION I 2.1 Meaning of Debentures Debenture: The word ‘debenture’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘debere’ which means to borrow. Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company. It contains a contract for repayment of principal after a specified period or at intervals or at the option of the company and for payment of interest at a fixed rate payable usually either half-yearly or yearly on fixed dates. According to section 2(30) of The Companies Act, 2013 ‘Debenture’ includes Debenture Inventory, Bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. LEARNING O BJECTIVES After studying this chapter you will be able to : • state the meaning of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares; • describe various types of debentures; • record the journal entries for the issue of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium; • explain the concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof; • explain the concept of issue of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof; • record the journal entries for issue of debentures with various terms of issue, terms of redemption; • show the items relating to issue of debentures in company’s balance sheet; • describe the methods of writing-off discount/loss on issue of debentures; • explain the methods of redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof; and • explain the concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof. Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2 2020-21 74 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements Bond: Bond is also an instrument of acknowledgement of debt. Traditionally, the Government issued bonds, but these days, bonds are also being issued by semi-government and non-governmental organisations. The terms ‘debentures’ and ‘Bonds’ are now being used inter-changeably. 2.2 Distinction between Shares and Debentures Ownership: A ‘share’ represents ownership of the company whereas a debenture is only acknowledgement of Debt. A share is a part of the owned capital whereas a debenture is a part of borrowed capital. Return: The return on shares is known as dividend while the return on debentures is called interest. The rate of return on shares may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company but the rate of interest on debentures is prefixed. The payment of dividend is an appropriation of profits, whereas the payment of interest is a charge on profits and is to be paid even if there is no profit. Repayment: Normally, the amount of shares is not returned during the life of the company, whereas, generally, the debentures are issued for a specified period and repayable on the expiry of that period. Voting Rights: Shareholders enjoy voting rights whereas debentureholders do not normally enjoy any voting right. Security : Shares are not secured by any charge whereas the debentures are generally secured and carry a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company. Convertibility: Shares cannot be converted into debentures whereas debentures can be converted into shares if the terms of issue so provide, and in that case these are known as convertible debentures. 2.3 Types of Debentures A company may issue different kinds of debentures which can be classified as under: 2.3.1 From the Point of view of Security (a) Secured Debentures: Secured debentures refer to those debentures where a charge is created on the assets of the company for the purpose of payment in case of default. The charge may be fixed or floating. A fixed charge is created on a specific asset whereas a floating charge is 2020-21 75 Issue and Redemption of Debentures on the general assets of the company. The fixed charge is created against those assets which are held by a company for use in operations not meant for sale whereas floating charge involves all assets excluding those assigned to the secured creditors. (b) Unsecured Debentures: Unsecured debentures do not have a specific charge on the assets of the company. However, a floating charge may be created on these debentures by default. Normally, these kinds of debentures are not issued. 2.3.2 From the Point of view of Tenure (a) Redeemable Debentures: Redeemable debentures are those which are payable on the expiry of the specific period either in lump sum or in Instalments during the life time of the company. Debentures can be redeemed either at par or at premium. (b) Irredeemable Debentures: Irredeemable debentures are also known as Perpetual Debentures because the company does not give any undertaking for the repayment of money borrowed by issuing such debentures. These debentures are repayable on the winding-up of a company or on the expiry of a long period. 2.3.3 From the Point of view of Convertibility (a) Convertible Debentures: Debentures which are convertible into equity shares or in any other security either at the option of the company or the debentureholders are called convertible debentures. These debentures are either fully convertible or partly convertible. (b) Non-Convertible Debentures: The debentures which cannot be converted into shares or in any other securities are called non- convertible debentures. Most debentures issued by companies fall in this category. 2.3.4 From Coupon Rate Point of view (a) Specific Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures are issued with a specified rate of interest, which is called the coupon rate. The specified rate may either be fixed or floating. The floating interest rate is usually tagged with the bank rate. (b) Zero Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures do not carry a specific rate of interest. In order to compensate the investors, such debentures are issued at substantial discount and the difference between the nominal value and the issue price is treated as the amount of interest related to the duration of the debentures. 2020-21 76 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements 2.3.5 From the view Point of Registration (a) Registered Debentures: Registered debentures are those debentures in respect of which all details including names, addresses and particulars of holding of the debentureholders are entered in a register kept by the company. Such debentures can be transferred only by executing a regular transfer deed. (b) Bearer Debentures: Bearer debentures are the debentures which can be transferred by way of delivery and the company does not keep any record of the debentures Interest on debentures is paid to a person who produces the interest coupon attached to such debentures. 2.4 Issue of Debentures The procedure for the issue of debentures is the same as that for the issue of shares. The intending investors apply for debentures on the basis of the prospectus issued by the company. The company may either ask for the entir e amount to be paid on application or by means of instalments on application, on allotment and on various calls. Debentures can be issued at par, at a premium or at a discount. They can also be issued for consideration other than cash or as a collateral security. Types of Debenture/Bond Security Tenure Mode of Coupon Registration Redemption rate Secured/ Unsecured/ Redeemable Perpetual/ Convertible Non- Zero Specific Registered Unregistered/ Mortgage Naked debenture Irredeemable debenture convertible coupon rate debenture Bearer debenture debenture debenture debenture rate/Deep debenture Discount Rate Fully Partly convertible convertible debenture debenture 2020-21 Page 5 A company raises its capital by means of issue of shares. But the funds raised by the issue of shares are seldom adequate to meet their long term financial needs of a company. Hence, most companies turn to raising long-term funds also through debentures which are issued either through the route of private placement or by offering the same to the public. The finances raised through debentures are also known as long-term debt. This chapter deals with the accounting treatment of issue and redemption of debentures and other related aspects. SECTION I 2.1 Meaning of Debentures Debenture: The word ‘debenture’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘debere’ which means to borrow. Debenture is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company. It contains a contract for repayment of principal after a specified period or at intervals or at the option of the company and for payment of interest at a fixed rate payable usually either half-yearly or yearly on fixed dates. According to section 2(30) of The Companies Act, 2013 ‘Debenture’ includes Debenture Inventory, Bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. LEARNING O BJECTIVES After studying this chapter you will be able to : • state the meaning of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares; • describe various types of debentures; • record the journal entries for the issue of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium; • explain the concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof; • explain the concept of issue of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof; • record the journal entries for issue of debentures with various terms of issue, terms of redemption; • show the items relating to issue of debentures in company’s balance sheet; • describe the methods of writing-off discount/loss on issue of debentures; • explain the methods of redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof; and • explain the concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption of debentures and the accounting thereof. Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2 2020-21 74 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements Bond: Bond is also an instrument of acknowledgement of debt. Traditionally, the Government issued bonds, but these days, bonds are also being issued by semi-government and non-governmental organisations. The terms ‘debentures’ and ‘Bonds’ are now being used inter-changeably. 2.2 Distinction between Shares and Debentures Ownership: A ‘share’ represents ownership of the company whereas a debenture is only acknowledgement of Debt. A share is a part of the owned capital whereas a debenture is a part of borrowed capital. Return: The return on shares is known as dividend while the return on debentures is called interest. The rate of return on shares may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company but the rate of interest on debentures is prefixed. The payment of dividend is an appropriation of profits, whereas the payment of interest is a charge on profits and is to be paid even if there is no profit. Repayment: Normally, the amount of shares is not returned during the life of the company, whereas, generally, the debentures are issued for a specified period and repayable on the expiry of that period. Voting Rights: Shareholders enjoy voting rights whereas debentureholders do not normally enjoy any voting right. Security : Shares are not secured by any charge whereas the debentures are generally secured and carry a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company. Convertibility: Shares cannot be converted into debentures whereas debentures can be converted into shares if the terms of issue so provide, and in that case these are known as convertible debentures. 2.3 Types of Debentures A company may issue different kinds of debentures which can be classified as under: 2.3.1 From the Point of view of Security (a) Secured Debentures: Secured debentures refer to those debentures where a charge is created on the assets of the company for the purpose of payment in case of default. The charge may be fixed or floating. A fixed charge is created on a specific asset whereas a floating charge is 2020-21 75 Issue and Redemption of Debentures on the general assets of the company. The fixed charge is created against those assets which are held by a company for use in operations not meant for sale whereas floating charge involves all assets excluding those assigned to the secured creditors. (b) Unsecured Debentures: Unsecured debentures do not have a specific charge on the assets of the company. However, a floating charge may be created on these debentures by default. Normally, these kinds of debentures are not issued. 2.3.2 From the Point of view of Tenure (a) Redeemable Debentures: Redeemable debentures are those which are payable on the expiry of the specific period either in lump sum or in Instalments during the life time of the company. Debentures can be redeemed either at par or at premium. (b) Irredeemable Debentures: Irredeemable debentures are also known as Perpetual Debentures because the company does not give any undertaking for the repayment of money borrowed by issuing such debentures. These debentures are repayable on the winding-up of a company or on the expiry of a long period. 2.3.3 From the Point of view of Convertibility (a) Convertible Debentures: Debentures which are convertible into equity shares or in any other security either at the option of the company or the debentureholders are called convertible debentures. These debentures are either fully convertible or partly convertible. (b) Non-Convertible Debentures: The debentures which cannot be converted into shares or in any other securities are called non- convertible debentures. Most debentures issued by companies fall in this category. 2.3.4 From Coupon Rate Point of view (a) Specific Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures are issued with a specified rate of interest, which is called the coupon rate. The specified rate may either be fixed or floating. The floating interest rate is usually tagged with the bank rate. (b) Zero Coupon Rate Debentures: These debentures do not carry a specific rate of interest. In order to compensate the investors, such debentures are issued at substantial discount and the difference between the nominal value and the issue price is treated as the amount of interest related to the duration of the debentures. 2020-21 76 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements 2.3.5 From the view Point of Registration (a) Registered Debentures: Registered debentures are those debentures in respect of which all details including names, addresses and particulars of holding of the debentureholders are entered in a register kept by the company. Such debentures can be transferred only by executing a regular transfer deed. (b) Bearer Debentures: Bearer debentures are the debentures which can be transferred by way of delivery and the company does not keep any record of the debentures Interest on debentures is paid to a person who produces the interest coupon attached to such debentures. 2.4 Issue of Debentures The procedure for the issue of debentures is the same as that for the issue of shares. The intending investors apply for debentures on the basis of the prospectus issued by the company. The company may either ask for the entir e amount to be paid on application or by means of instalments on application, on allotment and on various calls. Debentures can be issued at par, at a premium or at a discount. They can also be issued for consideration other than cash or as a collateral security. Types of Debenture/Bond Security Tenure Mode of Coupon Registration Redemption rate Secured/ Unsecured/ Redeemable Perpetual/ Convertible Non- Zero Specific Registered Unregistered/ Mortgage Naked debenture Irredeemable debenture convertible coupon rate debenture Bearer debenture debenture debenture debenture rate/Deep debenture Discount Rate Fully Partly convertible convertible debenture debenture 2020-21 77 Issue and Redemption of Debentures 2.4.1 Issue of Debentures for Cash Debentures are said to be issued at par when their issue price is equal to the face value. The journal entries recorded for such issue are as under: (a) If whole amount is received in one instalment: (i) On receipt of the application money Bank A/c Dr. To Debenture Application & Allotment A/c (ii) On Allotment of debentures Debenture Application & Allotment A/c Dr. To Debentures A/c (b) If debenture amount is received in two instalments: (i) On receipt of application money Bank A/c Dr. To Debenture Application A/c (ii) For adjustment of applications money on allotment Debenture Application A/c Dr. To Debentures A/c (iii) For allotment money due Debenture Allotment A/c Dr. To Debentures A/c (iv) On receipt of allotment money Bank A/c Dr. To Debenture Allotment A/c (c) If debenture money is received in more than two instalments Additional entries: (i) On making the first call Debenture First Call A/c Dr. To Debentures A/c (ii) On the receipt of the first call Bank A/c Dr. To Debenture First Call A/c Note: Similar entries may be made for the second call and final call. However, normally the whole amount is collected on application or in two instalments, i.e., on application and allotment. Illustration 1 ABC Lmited issued 10,000, 12% debentures of Rs. 100 each payable Rs. 30 on application and remaining amount on allotment. The public applied for 9,000 debentures which were fully allotted, and all the relevant allotment money was duly received. Give journal entries in the books of ABC Ltd., and exhibit the relevent information in the balance sheet. 2020-21Read More
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