Chapter 9 : Network Theorems, PPT,Introductory Circuit Analysis, Semester, Engineering - Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) PDF Download

Chapter 9  - Network Theorems

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.1 – Introduction

This chapter introduces important fundamental theorems of network analysis. They are the

Superposition theorem

Thévenin’s theorem

Norton’s theorem

Maximum power transfer theorem

Substitution Theorem

Millman’s theorem

Reciprocity theorem

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.2 – Superposition Theorem

• Used to find the solution to networks with two or more sources that are not in series or parallel.
• The current through, or voltage across, an element in a network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each source.
• Since the effect of each source will be determined independently, the number of networks to be analyzed will equal the number of sources.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Superposition Theorem

The total power delivered to a resistive element must be determined using the total current through or the total voltage across the element and cannot be determined by a simple sum of the power levels established by each source.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.3 – Thévenin’s Theorem

Any two-terminal dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide ---------------------------------------Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

Thévenin’s theorem can be used to:

Analyze networks with sources that are not in series or parallel.

Reduce the number of components required to establish the same characteristics at the output terminals.

Investigate the effect of changing a particular component on the behavior of a network without having to analyze the entire network after each change.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

• Procedure to determine the proper values of R_Th and E_Th
• Preliminary

1.  Remove that portion of the network across which the Thévenin equation circuit is to be found. In the figure below, this requires that the load resistor R_L be temporarily removed from the network.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

1. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The importance of this step will become obvious as we progress through some complex networks.)

R_Th:

1. Calculate R_Th by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by short circuits, and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. (If the internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

E_Th:

4.  Calculate E_Th by first returning all sources to their original position and finding the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals. (This step is invariably the one that will lead to the most confusion and errors.  In all cases, keep in mind that it is the open-circuit potential between the two terminals marked in step 2.)

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

Conclusion:

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

5. Draw the Thévenin

equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.  This step is indicated by the placement of the resistor R_L between the terminals of the

Thévenin equivalent circuit.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

Experimental Procedures

• Two popular experimental procedures for determining the parameters of the Thévenin equivalent network:
• Direct Measurement of E_Th and R_Th
• For any physical network, the value of E_Th can be determined experimentally by measuring the open-circuit voltage across the load terminals.
• The value of R_Th can then be determined by completing the network with a variable resistance R_L.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Thévenin’s Theorem

• Measuring V_OC and I_SC
• The Thévenin voltage is again determined by measuring the open-circuit voltage across the terminals of interest; that is, E_Th = V_OC. To determine R_Th, a short-circuit condition is established across the terminals of interest and the current through the short circuit (I_sc) is measured with an ammeter.

Using Ohm’s law:

RTh = Voc / Isc

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.4 – Norton’s Theorem

• Norton’s theorem states the following:
• Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current and a parallel resistor.
• The steps leading to the proper values of I_N and R_N.
• Preliminary steps:
  1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is found.
  2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Norton’s Theorem

Finding R_N:

3.   Calculate R_N by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced with short circuits, and current sources with open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals.  (If the internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)  Since R_N = R_Th the procedure and value obtained using the approach described for

Thévenin’s theorem will determine the proper value of R_N.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Norton’s Theorem

• Finding I_N :
  1. Calculate I_N by first returning all the sources to their original position and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals.  It is the same current that would be measured by an ammeter placed between the marked terminals.
• Conclusion:
  1. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.5 – Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The maximum power transfer theorem states the following:

A load will receive maximum power from a network when its total resistive value is exactly equal to the Thévenin resistance of the network applied to the load.  That is,

RL = RTh

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

For loads connected directly to a dc voltage supply, maximum power will be delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source; that is, when:

RL = Rint

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.6 – Millman’s Theorem

• Any number of parallel voltage sources can be reduced to one.
• This permits finding the current through or voltage across R_L without having to apply a method such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, superposition and so on.
  1. Convert all voltage sources to current sources.
  2. Combine parallel current sources.
  3. Convert the resulting current source to a voltage source and the desired single-source network is obtained.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.7 – Substitution Theorem

• The substitution theorem states:
• If the voltage across and the current through any branch of a dc bilateral network is known, this branch can be replaced by any combination of elements that will maintain the same voltage across and current through the chosen branch.
• Simply, for a branch equivalence, the terminal voltage and current must be the same.

Network Theorems--------------------------------------------------------------Next Slide --------------------------------------- Robert L. Boylested

9.8 – Reciprocity Theorem

• The reciprocity theorem is applicable only to singlesource networks and states the following:
• The current I in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere in the network, will equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in which the current I was originally measured.
• The location of the voltage source and the resulting current may be interchanged without a change in current