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Boundary Layer Theory | Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download
Chapter 9 Boundary Layer Theory
- The concept of boundary layer was first introduced by L. Prandt in 1904.
- Boundary layer is a region in the immediate vicinity of the boundary surface in which the velocity of flowing fluid increases gradually from zero at the boundary surface to the velocity of the main stream.
- Boundary Conditions of Boundary Layer Region
(i) at y = 0, v = 0
(ii) at y = d, v = V0 (d = boundary layer thickness V0 = free stream velocity)
(iii) at y = d, dv/dy = 0 [∵ v = V0 = constant]
- Boundary layer thickness (d) It is defined as the distance from the boundary surface in which the velocity reaches the 99% of the velocity of the main stream.
y =d for v = 0.99 V0
- Displacement Thickness (d*) It is the distance measured normal to the boundary, by which the free stream is displaced on account of the formation of boundary layer.
The quantity (V0 – v) is known as the velocity defect.
- Momentum Thickness (q)
The ratio of displacement thickness to momentum thickness is called the shape factor (H)
H = d/q
- Its value should always greater than 1
- Energy Thickness
- Von-Korman momentum integral equation
- Blassius experimental results/ when
- Laminar Conditions : Velocity distribution is parabolic
(i) Boundary Layer thickness
(ii) Local coefficient of drag C*D
(iii) Avg. Coefficient CD
- Turbulent Conditions : Velocity distributions is logarithmic
where
d = Boundary layer thickness
t = Shear stress at solid surface
x = Distance from where solid surface starts
- Boundary Layer Separation It is caused by adverse pressure gradient
- Location of Separation point : The separation point S is determined from the condition
For a given velocity it can be determined whether the B.L.(Boundary layer) has separated or on the verge of separation or will not separate from the following conditions :
1. If
< 0 : Flow has separated.
2. If
= 0 : Flow is on verge of separation.
3. If
> 0 : Flow is attached with the surface
- Methods of Preventing Separation
(i) Rotating the boundary in the direction of flow.
(ii) Suction of the slow moving fluid by a suction slot.
(iii) Supplying additional energy from a blower.
(iv) Providing a bypass in the slotted wing.
(v) Providing guide blades in a bend.
(vi) Injecting fluid into boundary layer.
(vii)Streamlining of body shapes.
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FAQs on Boundary Layer Theory - Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is boundary layer theory in civil engineering? |  |
Ans. Boundary layer theory in civil engineering is a concept that describes the behavior of fluid flow near a solid surface. It involves the study of the thin layer of fluid that forms adjacent to the surface and how it affects the overall flow pattern and forces acting on the surface.
| 2. How is boundary layer thickness determined in civil engineering? | |
Ans. The boundary layer thickness in civil engineering is typically determined using empirical formulas or experimental data. One commonly used formula is the Blasius equation, which relates the boundary layer thickness to the distance from the leading edge of the surface and the fluid properties. Experimental methods such as hot-wire anemometry or flow visualization techniques can also be employed to measure the boundary layer thickness directly.
| 3. What are the applications of boundary layer theory in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Boundary layer theory has various applications in civil engineering. It is used to analyze the flow around structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams, which helps in designing structures to withstand wind and water forces. It is also employed in the design of aerodynamic surfaces for vehicles, such as airfoils for aircraft wings and turbine blades. Additionally, boundary layer theory is utilized in the study of soil erosion caused by fluid flow, which aids in erosion control measures.
| 4. How does boundary layer thickness affect drag in civil engineering? | |
Ans. In civil engineering, the boundary layer thickness plays a crucial role in determining the drag force experienced by a structure. A thicker boundary layer results in higher skin friction drag, which is the resistance to flow caused by the viscous interaction between the fluid and the surface. Therefore, minimizing the boundary layer thickness is essential to reduce drag and optimize the design of structures to minimize energy consumption.
| 5. What are the factors affecting boundary layer thickness in civil engineering? | |
Ans. There are several factors that influence the boundary layer thickness in civil engineering. These include the velocity of the fluid flow, the viscosity of the fluid, the roughness of the surface, and the angle of attack or inclination of the surface. Higher fluid velocities and lower viscosities tend to result in thinner boundary layers, while rough surfaces and larger angles of attack can lead to thicker boundary layers. These factors need to be considered in the design and analysis of civil engineering structures to ensure accurate predictions of flow behavior.
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