Fundamentals of Anatomy,Physiology and Kinesiology in Sports Chapter Notes | Physical Education Class 11 (XI) - CBSE and NCERT Curriculum PDF Download

Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

• Anatomy is the study of the shape, structure, size, weight, and location of all the organs in the human body.

• Physiology involves studying how the body and its various systems, such as the respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, skeleton system, and muscular system, function.

• Kinesiology is the study of human motion, focusing on how the body moves and functions.

• Human anatomy studies the structure and form of the body's organs.
• Physiology examines how the body functions and its systems operate.
• Kinesiology focuses on the study of human motion and body movement.

Fundamentals of Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

• Human Anatomy

  • Human anatomy involves studying the shape, size, weight, structure, and location of organs such as lungs, kidneys, large intestine, liver, and skin.
  • It is the science that focuses on the structure of the human body and the relationships among its various parts.
  • Example: Understanding the structure and function of the heart through human anatomy.

• Human Physiology

  • Human physiology studies the systems of the human body and their interconnections.
  • It provides insights into how the organs in the body function together.
  • Example: Gaining knowledge about the functions of the human heart through human physiology.

• Kinesiology

  • Kinesiology, derived from the Greek words for "motion" and "to study," is the study of motion.
  • It is a branch of physiology that examines mechanics and anatomy concerning human movement.
  • Example: Understanding the relationship between anatomy and physiology is crucial for comprehending kinesiology.
  • Kinesiology encompasses various sub-disciplines such as exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports psychology, and more.
  • It involves the study of physical activity and its effects on health, society, and quality of life.
  • Example: Kinesiology is essential for students of physical education, athletes, and coaches to enhance their understanding of movement and performance.

• Mutual Relationship

  • Human anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology are closely interconnected disciplines.
  • Understanding one is crucial for comprehending the others due to their deep interrelation.
  • The human body functions like a machine, where the structure and function of organs are intertwined.
  • Example: Without understanding the structure of an organ, it is challenging to grasp its function.

Importance of Study of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology in Physical Education

• Anatomy: Understanding the Structures of Organs
  • Anatomy offers insights into the structures of various body organs, providing details on their shape, size, location, and weight.
  • Teachers and coaches can utilize this knowledge to match sports with students' traits; for instance, recommending weightlifting for shorter individuals over volleyball or basketball.
  • Knowledge of muscle fiber types (white and red fibers) aids in selecting appropriate sports; individuals with more white fibers may excel in sprinting events.
• Physiology: Understanding Organ Functions
  • Physiology delves into the functions of body organs, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems.
  • Comprehending organ functions is crucial for safe and effective physical training, preventing potential harm to students.
• Prevention of Sports Injuries
  • Knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology aids in reducing sports injuries during training and competitions.
  • Understanding the interplay of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments is essential for injury prevention.
• Rehabilitation Process
  • Human anatomy knowledge is pivotal in facilitating effective rehabilitation for injured athletes.
  • Understanding bone types, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles is crucial for successful rehabilitation processes.
• Sport Selection
  • Anatomy and physiology play a crucial role in selecting suitable sports based on individual anatomical structures.
  • Different sports require specific anatomical traits, making knowledge in this area invaluable for sport selection.

Importance of Human Anatomy and Physiology in Sports

Importance of Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology in Physical Education and Sports

• Physical Fitness Components in Sports:
  • Speed and strength are crucial for activities like a 100-meter race, while endurance is vital for long-distance races.
• Development of Physical Fitness Components:
  • Various means can be used to enhance different aspects of physical fitness.
  • Understanding the body's organs and their efficiency is essential for proper development.
  • Anatomy and physiology provide insights into factors like red and white muscle fibers, lean body mass, and body fat percentage.
• Aids in Sports Massage:
  • Knowledge of anatomy and physiology is beneficial for administering sports massage.
  • Sports massage helps rectify soft tissue imbalances caused by strenuous physical activities, preventing injuries and enhancing performance.
• Facilitates Understanding of Environmental Effects on Sportspersons:
  • Anatomy and physiology knowledge aids in comprehending how environmental factors impact athletes.
  • For instance, training at high altitudes affects red blood cell count, lung activity, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

Function of Skeletal System, Bone Classification, and Joint Types

• Skeletal System:
  • The skeletal system comprises various bones, with 213 bones in children and 206 in adults.
  • Bones vary in shape and size, providing support, protection, and attachment points for muscles.
  • Bones are connected by ligaments and some act as levers in the body.
• Classification of Bones:
  • Bones are classified based on shape and function, with some serving as support, protection, and levers.
• Types of Joints:
  • Joints vary in structure and function, allowing for different degrees of movement.

Axial Skeleton

• Consists of the following bones:
  • Skull
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Hyoid bone
  • Vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of the following bones:
  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs

Functions of Bones

Classification of Bones

• Long Bones:
  • Found in upper and lower limbs, functioning as levers.

Bone Structure

• Long Bones:

  Long bones, like the humerus and femur, are characterized by their elongated shape with two extremities. Despite their name, they are not necessarily the longest bones in the body. These bones facilitate movement due to their length.

• Short Bones:

  Short bones, for example, the carpus and tarsus, are bones that are short in length but strong. They are composed of cancellous bone tissues and covered with compact tissues. Short bones, although small, play a crucial role in exerting force.

• Flat Bones:

  Flat bones, such as those in the skull, scapulae, and ribs, provide protection where needed. These bones have a broad surface area that allows for muscle attachment.

• Irregular Bones:

  Irregular bones have unique shapes that do not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones. Vertebrae are a prime example of irregular bones, along with certain bones in the face.

• Sesamoid Bones:

  Sesamoid bones, like the patella in the knee, are named after the Greek word 'sesamon,' meaning 'seed of the sesamum.' These bones are located in areas such as the hand and foot.

Joints Classification

• Immovable Joints (Synarthroses Joints):

  These joints, also known as fibrous joints, are connected by fibrous tissues and do not allow for movement. They are primarily found in the bones of the skull and face, with the exception of the mandible.

• Slightly Movable Joints (Ampharthroses Joints):

  Slightly movable joints offer limited movement. Examples include joints found in the spine.

• Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses Joints):

  Freely movable joints provide a wide range of motion. They are found in areas such as the knees, elbows, and shoulders.

Joint Structure Details

Skeletal Joints Overview:

• Skeletal joints can be categorized based on their degree of movement.

Slightly Movable Joints:

• Slightly movable joints allow for limited movement due to an intervening substance between bone surfaces.
• Two types of slightly movable joints are symphysis and synchondrosis.

Symphysis:

• Symphysis joints involve connecting two long bony surfaces with a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage.
• Examples include the symphysis pubis and inter-vertebral joints.

Synchondrosis:

• Synchondrosis joints are temporary and involve cartilage that transforms into bone before adulthood.
• These joints are typically found between the diaphysis and epiphyses of long bones.

Freely Movable Joints (Synovial Joints):

• Freely movable joints, also known as synovial joints, are prevalent in the body.
• These joints have hyaline cartilage covering bone ends and a fibrous articular capsule strengthened by ligaments.

Categories of Freely Movable Joints:

These joint types play vital roles in movement and stability in the human body, allowing for various ranges of motion.

Types of Joints in the Human Body

• Saddle Joints:
  • These joints allow for extensive movement, such as the joint of the thumb, enabling opposition to the fingers.
• Ball and Socket Joints:
  • These joints permit angular movement in all directions and a pivot movement. A rounded head fits into a cup-like cavity. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
• Pivot Joints:
  • These joints facilitate rotary movement in one axis. A ring rotates around a pivot or a pivot-like process rotates within a ring made of bone and cartilage. For instance, the atlas and axis bones at the top of the neck.

Properties and Functions of Muscles

Properties of Muscles

• Excitability:
  • Refers to the ability to activate muscles, leading to contraction. Higher excitability enhances force, velocity, and endurance.
• Contractility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Functions of Muscles

• Excitability:
  • Muscles can be activated to contract, crucial for movement and various bodily functions.
• Contractility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Functions of Muscles

• Muscle Contractions

  Muscle contractions serve two main purposes: maintaining posture and causing movement.

• Skeletal Muscles

  Skeletal muscles generate force for moving the skeletal system voluntarily.

• Cardiac Muscles

  Cardiac muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart.

• Smooth Muscles

  Smooth muscles control the movements of internal organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels.

• Skeletal Muscle Fibres

  There are two types of skeletal muscle fibres: slow twitch (red) and fast twitch (white) fibres.

  • Slow Twitch Fibres

    Slow twitch fibres contract slowly and are involved in endurance activities like cross country races.

  • Fast Twitch Fibres

    Fast twitch fibres contract rapidly, generating explosive power for activities like sprints and weightlifting.

• Role in Body Structure

  Muscles provide shape to the body and contribute to increasing the range of movements.

• Protection to Bones

  Larger muscles offer protection to the bones within the body.

Structure and Functions of Respiratory System

• Nose

  The nose is a special organ responsible for the sense of smell and plays a crucial role in respiration. It comprises two parts: the external features and the internal cavities.

  External Features:

  Consists of a triangular framework of bone and cartilage covered by skin. Each nostril is an oval-shaped opening on the inner side of the nose.

  
  

  Internal or Nasal Cavities:

  These cavities are divided by a partition or septum. At the entrance, each cavity has coarse hair that acts as filters to remove particles from inhaled air.

  
  

• Pharynx

  The pharynx is a muscular tube located behind the nose, extending from the skull base to its connection with the esophagus at the cricoid cartilage level.

• Trachea

  The trachea is a tubular structure composed of cartilage rings that connect the larynx to the bronchi, facilitating the passage of air to and from the lungs.

• Larynx

  The larynx, or voice box, is situated at the top of the trachea and houses the vocal cords responsible for sound production during breathing.

• Bronchi

  The bronchi are the two primary branches that stem from the trachea and lead to the lungs, where they further divide into bronchioles for air distribution.

• Lungs

  The lungs are vital organs of respiration where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. They consist of lobes and are protected by the pleural cavity.

Respiratory System Overview

• Larynx

  • The larynx, or voice box, follows the pharynx in the respiratory system.
  • It is primarily made up of cartilage and contains two pairs of membranes.
  • When air passes through, it causes the vocal cords to vibrate, producing sound.

• Trachea

  • The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cylindrical tube approximately 11.2 cm long with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 cm.
  • It extends from the larynx and divides into two bronchi—one for each lung.
  • The tracheal walls are composed of hyaline cartilage, and it is protected by the epiglottis, a valve that prevents food from entering.

• Bronchi

  • After the trachea divides, the right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left bronchus.
  • These bronchi enter the right and left lungs, respectively, and branch into smaller bronchial tubes and bronchioles.

• Diaphragm

  • The diaphragm is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
  • During respiration, it contracts to increase the thoracic cavity volume, allowing air to enter the lungs.

• Lungs

  • Our body contains two lungs, crucial organs for respiration.
  • Lungs are cone-shaped with the apex above and the base resting on the diaphragm.
  • They are divided into lobes by fissures, with the left lung having two lobes and the right lung having three.
  • The lobes further divide into lobules and air sacs, known as alveoli, for gas exchange.

Types of Respiration

• External Respiration

  • External respiration involves the intake of oxygen (O2) during inhalation.
  • Oxygen moves through the respiratory system to the alveoli, where it exchanges with blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

• Internal Respiration

  • Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between blood and body tissues.
  • It occurs at the cellular level, where oxygen is utilized for cellular processes, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product.

Main Concepts of the Respiratory System

• The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
• Oxygen passes through a membrane in the lungs and is picked up by red blood cells' hemoglobin.
• Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between blood, tissue fluid, and cells.
• External respiration occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration happens in the body's cells.

Functions of the Respiratory System

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to continuously supply oxygen to the body's cells.
• It is also responsible for expelling carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other waste products from the body.

Mechanism of Respiration

• Respiration involves the expansion of the lungs to inhale air and their contraction to exhale air.
• The process of respiration engages various muscles in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
• Main muscles involved in normal breathing include the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
• Inspiration and expiration are the two main phases of respiration.

Inspiration Process

• During inspiration, the chest cavity expands as the intercostal muscles contract.
• Ribs and sternum move outward and upward, increasing the chest's width and depth.
• The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, allowing the thorax to expand.
• Lungs fill the thoracic cavity as air pressure decreases within the alveoli.

Expiration Process

• During expiration, the intercostal muscles relax, and the ribs and sternum move downward and inward.
• The diaphragm moves upward, reducing the chest's capacity and increasing pressure.
• Increased pressure forces air out of the lungs during exhalation.

Structure and Functions of Circulatory System

• Meaning of Circulatory System
• Circulatory system is a group of organs responsible for transporting blood and essential substances to and from all parts of the body. It ensures that individual cells, tissues, and organs receive a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients while facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products.

Circulatory System Components

• Heart
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

Heart

• The human heart is composed of cardiac muscles and serves as a muscular pump vital for maintaining cell nutrition and the body's internal environment.
• Location of the Heart: Positioned in the thorax between the lungs and above the diaphragm's central depression, the heart weighs around 300g and is about the size of a closed fist. Its apex points towards the left side.
• Structure of the Heart: Divided into left and right sides by a septum, each side has two chambers - atrium or auricle (upper chambers) and ventricle (lower chambers), totaling four chambers. Blood flow is regulated by valves.
• Function of the Heart: The heart is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. Systemic circulation involves blood flow from the left ventricle through arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, returning to the right auricle via veins. Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow from the right ventricle through the lungs to the left auricle.

Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology in Sports

Human Circulatory System

• Systemic Circulation

  • In systemic circulation, blood is pumped out from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta.
  • It then travels through small arteries that lead to different parts of the body.
  • Arteries branch into arterioles, which regulate blood flow and maintain arterial blood pressure.
  • Capillaries facilitate exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid.
  • Capillaries merge to form venules, which eventually become veins like the superior and inferior vena cava.

• Pulmonary Circulation

  • In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from the right auricle to the right ventricle and then into the pulmonary artery.
  • Blood is carried to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
  • Pulmonary capillaries enrich the blood with oxygen before it returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.
  • The purified blood enters the left auricle and then travels to the left ventricle and out to the aorta for systemic circulation.

• Arteries

  • Arteries have thick, elastic, and muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure.
  • Their elasticity allows them to expand during heart contractions, preventing a significant rise in blood pressure.
  • Arteries maintain their shape even when empty, as the muscular coat contracts to some extent in the absence of blood.

Classification of Blood Vessels

• Elastic Arteries:
  • Large arteries like the aorta and pulmonary artery.
  • Known as conducting arteries, they carry blood from the heart to muscular arteries.
  • Have high elasticity to withstand the heart's contractions.
• Muscular Arteries:
  • Medium-sized arteries that distribute blood to various organs.
• Arterioles:
  • Smaller muscular arteries that regulate blood pressure.

Veins

• Veins return blood to the heart and have a structure similar to arteries.
• Veins collapse when empty and are generally larger in diameter compared to arteries.
• Veins in lower limbs have more valves than those in upper limbs.

Capillaries

• Capillaries connect arterioles with venules and facilitate material exchange.
• Types of Capillaries:
  • Continuous Capillaries: Found in muscles, connective tissue, and the nervous system.
  • Fenestrated Capillaries: Present in renal organs, endocrine glands, and intestines.
  • Sinusoidal Capillaries: Enlarged capillaries found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
• Function of Capillaries:
  • Facilitate material exchange between blood and tissue fluid.
  • Support various bodily functions like secretion, nutrient absorption, and waste removal.
  • Capillary networks grow denser in tissues with higher metabolic activity.

Functions of Circulatory System

• Primary function is to maintain the body's internal environment by transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells while removing waste products.

Functions of Different Organs in the Body

• Heart: Functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.
• Arteries: Allow pure blood to flow throughout the body.
• Veins: Bring impure blood back to the heart from all parts of the body.
• Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.
• Blood: Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
• Blood: Carries digested food/nutrients to all parts of the body.
• Blood: Transports hormones from endocrine glands to different organs.
• Blood: Carries waste products like urea, lactic acid, etc., to the kidneys for excretion.
• Blood: Regulates body temperature.

Equilibrium in Sports

• Equilibrium

  Equilibrium is achieved when all forces on a body are balanced, resulting in a net force of zero. It occurs when the body's center of gravity is over its base of support with the line of gravity falling within the base.

• Types of Equilibrium

  • Static Equilibrium: Center of gravity is stable, like when sitting or doing a handstand.
  • Dynamic Equilibrium: Center of gravity is in motion, like when running or performing a cartwheel.

• Principles of Stability

  • The lower the center of gravity is to the base, the greater the stability. For example, bending knees in running enhances stability.
  • In sports, stability is crucial for balance. Techniques like wrestlers' semi-crouched position or shot-putters' knee bend aid in stability.

Stability Concepts in Human Body

• Center of Gravity and Base of Support

  The closer the center of gravity (COG) is to the base of support, the greater the stability.

  Balance is compromised when the body's weight is not centered over the base of support.

  Extending the center of gravity beyond the base of support limits helps in maintaining stability.

• Relationship between COG and Base of Support

  Scenario	Stability Level
  Low COG and COG at the center of the base	High stability
  High COG and COG at the edge of the base	Low stability
  Lower COG and larger base of support	High stability
  High COG and smaller base of support	Low stability

• Application in Activities

  Activities like walking on a balance beam require a small base of support, leading to potential instability.

  When balance is lost, raising the arm or leg on the opposite side helps shift the COG back towards the base of support.

• Effect of COG and Base Size on Stability

  High COG and very small base result in very low stability.

Stability and Centre of Gravity

• Stability and Base of Support

  Increasing stability by widening the base of support is crucial. Widening the base of support enhances stability. For instance, when standing, spreading the feet in the direction of movement contributes to stability. In activities requiring a stance, utilizing both hands and feet forms the broadest base.

• Centre of Gravity

  All individuals and objects possess a center of gravity, which can shift based on their position or movement.

  Definition: "A center of gravity is an imaginary point (inside or outside the body or object) around which balance is achieved."

  In the human body, the center of weight is termed the center of gravity. Essentially, the center of gravity denotes the point where the body's mass appears concentrated and where an object would balance. It dynamically changes during movements and can lie within or outside the body, contingent on the body's shape. It consistently shifts in the movement's direction.

  Example: When an individual stands upright with hands by the sides, the center of gravity is situated at hip level. Understanding the center of gravity is vital for athletes to enhance their skills. For instance, in basketball, during a jump ball, the player swings both arms forward and upward to increase height. In mid-air, one arm is lowered while the other is extended to achieve maximum reach.