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Periodic table
? The columns are groups and the rows are periods
? Mass no.
? ? Nucleon no.  number of protons and neutrons
? The no. of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Atomic no.
? No. of protons
? The no. of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Valency of an element is the number of electrons its atoms lose or gain to form a compound
? Upto = 2n^2
? ? ? Columns  groups  no. of electrons in outer shell
? ? ? Rows  periods  gives you the no. of shells present in the atom
Group 1 (Alkali metals)
? Group 1 metals have 1 electron in outermost shell
? The relative molecular mass increases down the group
? Trends
? Mp/Bp decreases down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Reactivity increases down the group
? Becomes softer down the group
? The alkali metals react vigorously with water giving out hydrogen bubbles, leaving solutions of
their hydroxides which are alkalis
? Alkali metals when reacted with chlorine burst into flames, they burn brightly, forming chlorides
? Alkali metals burst into flames when you heat them and put it in a jar of oxygen, they burn
fiercely to form oxides
? Atoms with the same number of valence electrons react in a similar way
? The alkali metals are the most reactive of all metals as they need to lose only one electron to gain
a stable outer shell
? The alkali metals form ionic compounds, in which the metal ion has a charge of 1+. The compounds
are white solids. They dissolve in water to give colourless solutions
Page 2


Periodic table
? The columns are groups and the rows are periods
? Mass no.
? ? Nucleon no.  number of protons and neutrons
? The no. of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Atomic no.
? No. of protons
? The no. of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Valency of an element is the number of electrons its atoms lose or gain to form a compound
? Upto = 2n^2
? ? ? Columns  groups  no. of electrons in outer shell
? ? ? Rows  periods  gives you the no. of shells present in the atom
Group 1 (Alkali metals)
? Group 1 metals have 1 electron in outermost shell
? The relative molecular mass increases down the group
? Trends
? Mp/Bp decreases down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Reactivity increases down the group
? Becomes softer down the group
? The alkali metals react vigorously with water giving out hydrogen bubbles, leaving solutions of
their hydroxides which are alkalis
? Alkali metals when reacted with chlorine burst into flames, they burn brightly, forming chlorides
? Alkali metals burst into flames when you heat them and put it in a jar of oxygen, they burn
fiercely to form oxides
? Atoms with the same number of valence electrons react in a similar way
? The alkali metals are the most reactive of all metals as they need to lose only one electron to gain
a stable outer shell
? The alkali metals form ionic compounds, in which the metal ion has a charge of 1+. The compounds
are white solids. They dissolve in water to give colourless solutions
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth metal)
? They react with oxygen to form metallic oxides and react with water to form hydrocarbons
? Valency = +2
? Outer Shell = 2
? Trends
? Melting point decreases down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Reactivity increases down the group
? Uses
? Calcium used in body for bones and teeth
? Beryllium is used to make jewelry and emeralds
? Magnesium is used to make medicines
Group 7 (Halogens)
? Outer shell = 7
? Valency = -1
? Trends
? Colour gets deeper down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Boiling point increases down the group
? Reactivity decreases down the group
? Halogens react with metals to form compounds called halides
? A halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of its halide
Group 8 (Noble gases)
? Group 8 either has 2 or 8 electrons in their outermost shell that allows them to be stable
? Properties
? Non-metals
? Colourless gases
? Monatomic gases
? Unreactive because their atoms already have stable outer shells
? Trends
? The atoms increase in size and mass down the group
? Density of gases increases down the group
? B.P increases down the group
? Uses
? ? Helium  balloon, airships
? ? Argon  tungsten bulbs
? ? Neon  Glows red
Page 3


Periodic table
? The columns are groups and the rows are periods
? Mass no.
? ? Nucleon no.  number of protons and neutrons
? The no. of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Atomic no.
? No. of protons
? The no. of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
? Valency of an element is the number of electrons its atoms lose or gain to form a compound
? Upto = 2n^2
? ? ? Columns  groups  no. of electrons in outer shell
? ? ? Rows  periods  gives you the no. of shells present in the atom
Group 1 (Alkali metals)
? Group 1 metals have 1 electron in outermost shell
? The relative molecular mass increases down the group
? Trends
? Mp/Bp decreases down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Reactivity increases down the group
? Becomes softer down the group
? The alkali metals react vigorously with water giving out hydrogen bubbles, leaving solutions of
their hydroxides which are alkalis
? Alkali metals when reacted with chlorine burst into flames, they burn brightly, forming chlorides
? Alkali metals burst into flames when you heat them and put it in a jar of oxygen, they burn
fiercely to form oxides
? Atoms with the same number of valence electrons react in a similar way
? The alkali metals are the most reactive of all metals as they need to lose only one electron to gain
a stable outer shell
? The alkali metals form ionic compounds, in which the metal ion has a charge of 1+. The compounds
are white solids. They dissolve in water to give colourless solutions
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth metal)
? They react with oxygen to form metallic oxides and react with water to form hydrocarbons
? Valency = +2
? Outer Shell = 2
? Trends
? Melting point decreases down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Reactivity increases down the group
? Uses
? Calcium used in body for bones and teeth
? Beryllium is used to make jewelry and emeralds
? Magnesium is used to make medicines
Group 7 (Halogens)
? Outer shell = 7
? Valency = -1
? Trends
? Colour gets deeper down the group
? Density increases down the group
? Boiling point increases down the group
? Reactivity decreases down the group
? Halogens react with metals to form compounds called halides
? A halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of its halide
Group 8 (Noble gases)
? Group 8 either has 2 or 8 electrons in their outermost shell that allows them to be stable
? Properties
? Non-metals
? Colourless gases
? Monatomic gases
? Unreactive because their atoms already have stable outer shells
? Trends
? The atoms increase in size and mass down the group
? Density of gases increases down the group
? B.P increases down the group
? Uses
? ? Helium  balloon, airships
? ? Argon  tungsten bulbs
? ? Neon  Glows red
? ? Krypton  lasers
Transition metals
? Properties
? Hard, tough and strong
? High m.p
? Malleable and ductile
? Good conductors of electricity and heat
? High density
? Chemical properties
? They are much less reactive than Group 1 metals
? They show no clear trend in reactivity
? Most transition elements form coloured compounds
? Most can form ions with different charges
? They can form more than one compound with another element
? Transmission elements have variable oxidation states
? Most transmission elements can form complex ions
? Uses
? Used in structure like bridges and buildings in form of steel (alloy)
? Help in making alloys
? Used as conductors of heat and electricity
? Many transition elements and their compounds act as catalysts
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FAQs on The Periodic Table Chapter Notes - Chemistry for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11

1. What is the Periodic Table?
Ans. The Periodic Table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
2. How are elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
Ans. Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number from left to right and top to bottom. Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in columns called groups.
3. Why is the Periodic Table important?
Ans. The Periodic Table is important because it organizes all known elements into a structured format, making it easier to study and understand the properties and relationships between different elements.
4. How many elements are there in the Periodic Table?
Ans. As of now, there are 118 known elements in the Periodic Table, with elements ranging from hydrogen (atomic number 1) to oganesson (atomic number 118).
5. Who is credited with creating the first version of the Periodic Table?
Ans. Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, is credited with creating the first version of the Periodic Table in 1869. Mendeleev organized the elements based on their atomic weight and properties, predicting the existence of undiscovered elements.
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