Q.1. State two consequences of poverty. [2024]
Ans: Two consequences of poverty are:
- The growth of slums increases as more people migrate to cities in search of work.
- There is a high level of indebtedness, as individuals often borrow money to meet basic needs.
Q.2. When is a person considered poor? [2023]
Ans: A person is considered poor when their income or consumption falls below a specific minimum level needed to meet basic needs. This threshold varies based on:
- Location: Different countries set their own poverty lines according to local conditions.
- Time: The minimum requirements can change over time.
- Basic Needs: Essentials like food, clothing, and shelter are considered.
Q.3. Which social groups are vulnerable to poverty? [2023]
Ans: In India, certain social groups are particularly vulnerable to poverty. These include:
- Scheduled Tribes (STs)
- Scheduled Castes (SCs)
Among economic groups, the most at risk are:
- Casual labour households in urban areas
- Households dependent on agricultural labour in rural areas
Q.4. What led to a substantial decline in poverty in China? [2022]
Ans: The substantial decline in poverty in China has been due to
- Rapid economic growth
- Massive investment in human resource development.
Q.5. Explain any three social indicators through which poverty is looked upon. [2021]
Ans: Poverty is assessed through various social indicators, including:
- Illiteracy level: Many individuals are poor because they lack education, and their poverty often prevents them from accessing learning opportunities.
- Access to healthcare: People living in poverty frequently cannot afford medical treatment, leading to worsening health conditions.
- Job opportunities: A lack of stable employment means many cannot earn a decent income, perpetuating their poverty.
Q.1. Mention any four causes of poverty in India. [2020]
OR
Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. [2019]
Ans: There are a number of causes responsible for the widespread poverty in India. Some of them are:
(a) Low level of economic development under British rule in India.
(b) The decline of the Indian handicrafts industry, which led to unemployment, poverty and misery which were responsible for the low rate of income growth.
(c) Social factors like the caste system, religious faiths and beliefs also kept a certain section of people in society in poverty.
(d) The high growth rate of the population led to a very low per capita income in the country.
(e) Huge income inequalities due to unequal distribution of land and other resources.
Q.2. What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005? [2019]
Ans: The main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 are:
• The Act assures 100 days of employment every year to every rural household.
• One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
• It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of drought, deforestation and soil erosion.
• The share of SCs, STs and women are 23 %, 17% and 53% respectively.
• Under this, the average wage has increased from Rs 65 in 2006-07 to Rs 132 in 2013-14.
• The scheme provided employment to 220 crores person-days of employment to 4.78 crore households.
• In March 2018, the wage rate for unskilled manual workers has been revised again statewide.
• The range of wage rates for different states and union territories lies in between Rs 281 per day (for the workers in Haryana) to Rs 168 per day (for the workers in Bihar and Jharkhand).
Q.3. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India. [2018]
Ans:
1. The poverty line in India is estimated periodically, usually every five years, by conducting sample surveys.
2. These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).
3. The accepted average calorie requirement for determining the poverty line is 2,400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories per person per day in urban areas.
4. In the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at Rs 816 per month for rural areas and Rs 1,000 for urban areas.
5. International organizations like the World Bank use a uniform standard for the poverty line for making comparisons between developing countries, i.e., minimum availability of the equivalent of $1.90 per person per day.
Q.4. Give an account of the inter-state disparities in poverty in India. [2017]
Ans: Below is the account of inter-state disparities in poverty in India.
- Low Poverty Ratio: In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is below the national average.
- Notable Reductions: States like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and West Bengal have seen a marked decline in poverty levels.
- States with Minimal Poverty: Punjab, Haryana, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir have very low percentages of their populations living below the poverty line.
This disparity highlights the varying effectiveness of state policies and economic conditions in addressing poverty.
Q.5. “There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.” Explain. [2017]
Ans: The following points explain the strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction:
- From the early 1950s to the early 1980s, there was minimal growth in per capita income and little reduction in poverty. Official estimates showed that around 45% of the population lived in poverty during this period.
- Since the 1980s, India has experienced one of the fastest economic growth rates globally, increasing from an average of about 3.5% per year in the 1970s to approximately 6% during the 1980s and 1990s. This growth has significantly contributed to reducing poverty.
- Economic growth creates more opportunities and provides the necessary resources for investing in human development.
- Increased economic resources encourage families to invest in education, including for the girl child, aiming for better economic returns.
- However, the poorest may struggle to benefit directly from the opportunities created by economic growth.
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