Page 1 EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Bahattin K a r agözo gl u INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Page 2 EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Bahattin K a r agözo gl u INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES ........................................................ 21 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES ........................................... 26 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS ................................................................................... 36 PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS ............................................. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 43 ENERGY SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 44 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS .......................................................................................... 53 RESISTORS ......................................................................................................................... 64 CAPACITORS ....................................................................................................................... 81 INDUCTORS ........................................................................................................................ 97 TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................................. 105 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ..................................................................................... 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 114 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................ 115 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................................... 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 131 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ............................................................................................. 137 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 149 Page 3 EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Bahattin K a r agözo gl u INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES ........................................................ 21 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES ........................................... 26 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS ................................................................................... 36 PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS ............................................. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 43 ENERGY SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 44 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS .......................................................................................... 53 RESISTORS ......................................................................................................................... 64 CAPACITORS ....................................................................................................................... 81 INDUCTORS ........................................................................................................................ 97 TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................................. 105 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ..................................................................................... 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 114 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................ 115 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................................... 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 131 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ............................................................................................. 137 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 149 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES ............................................................... 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 152 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS ......................................................................................... 153 MOVING COIL IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ....................................................................... 154 MC BASED MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................ 157 LOADING ERRORS .............................................................................................................. 163 AC VOLTMETERS ................................................................................................................ 167 ELECTRONIC COUNTERS ..................................................................................................... 177 THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER (DVM) ......................................................................................... 188 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICITY .......................................................................................... 197 PROBLEMS ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS .......................................................................... 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 219 OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS ......................................... 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 221 WAVEFORM DISPLAY DEVICES ............................................................................................. 222 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... 225 MULTI-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES ............................................................................................ 235 DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES (DSO) ............................................................................. 236 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION .............................................................................................. 239 PICTURE DISPLAY ............................................................................................................... 244 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 262 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .............................................................................. 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 264 LINEAR REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES .................................................................................. 265 SWITCH-REGULATED (SWITCHING) POWER SUPPLY ............................................................... 282 BATTERIES ........................................................................................................................ 292 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................ 302 Page 4 EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Bahattin K a r agözo gl u INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES ........................................................ 21 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES ........................................... 26 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS ................................................................................... 36 PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS ............................................. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 43 ENERGY SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 44 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS .......................................................................................... 53 RESISTORS ......................................................................................................................... 64 CAPACITORS ....................................................................................................................... 81 INDUCTORS ........................................................................................................................ 97 TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................................. 105 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ..................................................................................... 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 114 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................ 115 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................................... 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 131 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ............................................................................................. 137 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 149 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES ............................................................... 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 152 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS ......................................................................................... 153 MOVING COIL IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ....................................................................... 154 MC BASED MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................ 157 LOADING ERRORS .............................................................................................................. 163 AC VOLTMETERS ................................................................................................................ 167 ELECTRONIC COUNTERS ..................................................................................................... 177 THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER (DVM) ......................................................................................... 188 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICITY .......................................................................................... 197 PROBLEMS ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS .......................................................................... 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 219 OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS ......................................... 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 221 WAVEFORM DISPLAY DEVICES ............................................................................................. 222 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... 225 MULTI-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES ............................................................................................ 235 DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES (DSO) ............................................................................. 236 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION .............................................................................................. 239 PICTURE DISPLAY ............................................................................................................... 244 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 262 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .............................................................................. 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 264 LINEAR REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES .................................................................................. 265 SWITCH-REGULATED (SWITCHING) POWER SUPPLY ............................................................... 282 BATTERIES ........................................................................................................................ 292 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................ 302 PROBLEMS ON SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .................................................................. 313 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 325 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ................................................................................. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 328 BASIC PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................................. 329 TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES ................................................................................... 330 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMOCOUPLES ..................................................... 337 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMISTORS ........................................................... 350 PROBLEMS ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ................................................................... 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 359 MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN ..................................... 361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 362 DISPLACEMENT SENSORS ................................................................................................... 363 STRAIN GAGES (GAUGES) .................................................................................................... 369 THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE ................................................................................................. 374 BRIDGE CONFIGURATIONS FOR STRAIN GAGE MEASUREMENTS ............................................. 378 NOVEL PRESSURE SENSORS ................................................................................................. 383 PROBLEMS ON MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL QUANTITIES ............................................... 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 393 PRACTICAL AND REPORTING ...................................................................................... 394 LABORATORY NOTES AND SHEETS ....................................................................................... 395 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................. 399 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ............................................................................................... 402 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP ......................................... 404 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A CAPACITOR .......................................................... 406 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY ............................................................................................... 407 TERM PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 409 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 411 Page 5 EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof. Dr. Bahattin K a r agözo gl u INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES ........................................................ 21 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES ........................................... 26 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS ................................................................................... 36 PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS ............................................. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 43 ENERGY SOURCES ............................................................................................................... 44 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS .......................................................................................... 53 RESISTORS ......................................................................................................................... 64 CAPACITORS ....................................................................................................................... 81 INDUCTORS ........................................................................................................................ 97 TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................................. 105 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ..................................................................................... 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 114 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................ 115 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................................... 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 131 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ............................................................................................. 137 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 149 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES ............................................................... 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 152 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS ......................................................................................... 153 MOVING COIL IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ....................................................................... 154 MC BASED MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................ 157 LOADING ERRORS .............................................................................................................. 163 AC VOLTMETERS ................................................................................................................ 167 ELECTRONIC COUNTERS ..................................................................................................... 177 THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER (DVM) ......................................................................................... 188 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICITY .......................................................................................... 197 PROBLEMS ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS .......................................................................... 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 219 OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS ......................................... 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 221 WAVEFORM DISPLAY DEVICES ............................................................................................. 222 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... 225 MULTI-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES ............................................................................................ 235 DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES (DSO) ............................................................................. 236 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION .............................................................................................. 239 PICTURE DISPLAY ............................................................................................................... 244 PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................ 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 262 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .............................................................................. 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 264 LINEAR REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES .................................................................................. 265 SWITCH-REGULATED (SWITCHING) POWER SUPPLY ............................................................... 282 BATTERIES ........................................................................................................................ 292 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................ 302 PROBLEMS ON SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .................................................................. 313 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 325 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ................................................................................. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 328 BASIC PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................................. 329 TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES ................................................................................... 330 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMOCOUPLES ..................................................... 337 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMISTORS ........................................................... 350 PROBLEMS ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ................................................................... 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 359 MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN ..................................... 361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 362 DISPLACEMENT SENSORS ................................................................................................... 363 STRAIN GAGES (GAUGES) .................................................................................................... 369 THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE ................................................................................................. 374 BRIDGE CONFIGURATIONS FOR STRAIN GAGE MEASUREMENTS ............................................. 378 NOVEL PRESSURE SENSORS ................................................................................................. 383 PROBLEMS ON MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL QUANTITIES ............................................... 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 393 PRACTICAL AND REPORTING ...................................................................................... 394 LABORATORY NOTES AND SHEETS ....................................................................................... 395 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................. 399 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR ............................................................................................... 402 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP ......................................... 404 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A CAPACITOR .......................................................... 406 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY ............................................................................................... 407 TERM PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 409 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 411 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 412 A – QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS ............................................................................. 412 B – OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS ............................................................................................ 418 C – VISUAL DISPLAYS .......................................................................................................... 421 D – PRETEST ...................................................................................................................... 453 E – EXIT SURVEY ................................................................................................................ 454 F – RUBRICS FOR STUDENT OUTCOMES SUPPORTED BY EE 306 ............................................... 456 INDEX ..................................................................................................................... 461Read More