Indicating instruments:
⇒ Electronic types of instruments are manufactured by addition of electronic circuits to electromagnetic indicators in order to increase the sensitivity and input impedance.
Recording Instruments: It gives a continuous record of quantity being measured over a certain period of time.
Example : Reorders.
Integrating Instruments: Ampere hour meter and watt hour meter (Energy meter) are the examples of this type.
Direct Measuring Instruments: Ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters and energy meters are the example of this type.
Comparison Instruments: AC and DC bridges, potentiometer are the examples of this type.
Types of operating forces:
Deflection force
Controlling force
INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES
Essential of Indicating Instruments
For Working of indicating instruments the torques required are
(i) deflecting torque
(ii) controlling torque and
(iii) damping torque.
(i) Deflecting Torque:- The deflecting torque is produced by making use one of the magnetic, heating, chemical, electrostatic and electromagnetic induction effects of current or voltage and causes the moving system of the instrument to move from its zero position when the instrument is connected in an electrical circuit to measure the electrical quantity. The method of producing this torque depends upon the type of the instrument.
(ii) Controlling Torque:- This torque opposes the deflecting torque and increases with the increase in deflection of the moving system thus limits the movement and ensures that the magnitude of the deflection is always the same for a given value of quantity to be measured. Under the influence of the controlling torque the pointer (or moving system) will return to its zero position on removing the source producing the deflecting torque. Without controlling system, the pointer would swing over its maximum deflected position irrespective of size of current and moreover, once deflected it would not return to its zero position on removing the current. The controlling torque in indicating instruments is created either by a spring or by gravity as given below.
It the instrument is under damped the moving system will oscillate about its final position. If the instrument is over-sampled, the moving system will become slow and lethargic and when the degree of damping is such that the pointer (moving system) rises quickly to its deflected position without oscillations; the damping is said to be 'critical' and the instrument is said to be " death beat". In practice to obtain best results the damping is adjusted to the value slightly less than the critical value.
The various methods of obtaining damping are
(a) air friction (b) fluid friction and (c) eddy current.
(a) Air Friction Damping: In modern form of air friction damping, an aluminum vane is enclosed in the quadrant shaped recess cast in Bakelite moulding or die casting and air brake chamber is completed by a cover plate.
(b) Fluid Friction Damping: In this method of damping light vanes or disc are attached to a spindle of the moving system and move in a damping oil.
(c) Eddy Current Damping: In electrical measuring instruments, the use of eddy currents has been made as an electromagnetic breaker or damper. The eddy current damping is the most efficient and is based on the principle that whenever as sheet of conducting but non-magnetic material like copper or aluminum moves in a magnetic field so as to cut through lines of force, eddy current are set up in the sheet. Due to these eddy currents, a force opposing the motion of the sheet is experienced between them and the magnetic field.
This force is proportional to eddy currents and the strength of the magnetic field. The eddy currents are proportional to the velocity of the moving system. Hence if the strength of the magnetic field is constant the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the moving system and is zero when the moving system is at rest.
GALVANOMETERS, AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
Galvanometers
Galvanometers operate on the principle of experiencing of a force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. These instruments are usually used merely to show readable deflections for the smallest current that is significant in the particular application. The main advantage of moving coil instruments lies in its freedom from the effects of stray fields and the ease with which a long and uniform scale may be had.
Ammeters and Voltmeters
the ammeters carry the current to be measured or a definite fraction of it and this current or its definite fraction produces the deflecting torque whereas voltmeter carries the current proportional to the voltage to be measure, which produces the deflecting torque.
Ammeter Which is connected in series with the circuit carrying the current under measurement, must be of very low resistance so that the voltage drop across the ammeter and power absorbed from the circuit are as low as possible.
Voltmeter :
Which is connected in parallel with the circuit across which the voltage is to be measured, must be of very high resistance so that the current flowing through the voltmeter. and the power absorbed from the circuit are minimum possible.
Apparently its is, therefore, impracticable in most of the cases, and dangerous in some, for in instrument manufactured as a voltmeter to be employed as an ammeter, or alternatively to use an ammeter as a voltmeter. The low resistance winding of an ammeter, will suffer serious damage if connected directly across a high voltage source (i.e. more than a fraction of volt), and the high resistance winding of the voltmeter will prevent all but the smallest current flowing and therefore would normally be quite unsuitable to be used as an ammeter, except of course in the special case where it is required to read only very small currents.
However, and ammeter of low range may be used as a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with it provided the current through the series combination is within the range of the ammeter when connected across to voltage to be measured.
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1. What are electromechanical indicating type instruments? |
2. How do electromechanical indicating type instruments work? |
3. What are the advantages of electromechanical indicating type instruments? |
4. What are the limitations of electromechanical indicating type instruments? |
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