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Page 1 3.34 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.8 SUMMARY OF RATIOS Another way of categorizing the ratios is being shown to you in a tabular form. A summary of the ratios has been tabulated as under: Ratio Formulae Interpretation Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current Assets CurrentLiabilities A simple measure that estimates whether the business can pay short term debts. Quick Ratio Quick Assets CurrentLiabilities It measures the ability to meet current debt immediately. Ideal ratio is 1 Cash Ratio CashandBank balances + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities ?? ?? ?? It measures absolute liquidity of the business. Basic Defense Interval Ratio ? Cash and Bank balances + Net Receivables + Marketable Securities ? Opearing Expenses÷ No.of days It measures the ability of the business to meet regular cash expenditures. Net Working Capital Ratio Current Assets – Current Liabilities It is a measure of cash flow to determine the ability of business to survive financial crisis. Capital Structure Ratio Equity Ratio Shareholders' Equity Net Assets It indicates owner’s fund in companies to total fund invested. Debt Ratio Total Debt Net Assets It is an indicator of use of outside funds. Debt to equity Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities Shareholders'Equity It indicates the composition of capital structure in terms of debt and equity. Page 2 3.34 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.8 SUMMARY OF RATIOS Another way of categorizing the ratios is being shown to you in a tabular form. A summary of the ratios has been tabulated as under: Ratio Formulae Interpretation Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current Assets CurrentLiabilities A simple measure that estimates whether the business can pay short term debts. Quick Ratio Quick Assets CurrentLiabilities It measures the ability to meet current debt immediately. Ideal ratio is 1 Cash Ratio CashandBank balances + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities ?? ?? ?? It measures absolute liquidity of the business. Basic Defense Interval Ratio ? Cash and Bank balances + Net Receivables + Marketable Securities ? Opearing Expenses÷ No.of days It measures the ability of the business to meet regular cash expenditures. Net Working Capital Ratio Current Assets – Current Liabilities It is a measure of cash flow to determine the ability of business to survive financial crisis. Capital Structure Ratio Equity Ratio Shareholders' Equity Net Assets It indicates owner’s fund in companies to total fund invested. Debt Ratio Total Debt Net Assets It is an indicator of use of outside funds. Debt to equity Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities Shareholders'Equity It indicates the composition of capital structure in terms of debt and equity. 3.35 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS Debt to Total Assets Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities TotalAssets It measures how much of total assets is financed by the debt. Capital Gearing Ratio ? PreferenceShareCapital+Debentures +Other?Borrowed?funds ? ? EquityShareCapital+ Reserves&Surplus-Losses ? It shows the proportion of fixed interest bearing capital to equity shareholders’ fund. It also signifies the advantage of financial leverage to the equity shareholder. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary Fund Total Assets It measures the proportion of total assets financed by shareholders. Coverage Ratios Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) Earningsavailablefordebtservices Interest+Instalments It measures the ability to meet the commitment of various debt services like interest, instalment etc. Ideal ratio is 2. Interest Coverage Ratio EBIT Interest It measures the ability of the business to meet interest obligations. Ideal ratio is > 1. Preference Dividend Coverage Ratio NetProfit / Earning after taxes (EAT) Preferencedividendliability It measures the ability to pay the preference shareholders’ dividend. Ideal ratio is > 1. Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio EBIT + Depreciation Interest + Repayment of loan This ratio shows how many times the cash flow before interest and taxes covers all fixed financing charges. The ideal ratio is > 1. Activity Ratio/ Efficiency Ratio/ Performance Ratio/ Turnover Ratio Total Asset Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold AverageTotalAssets A measure of total asset utilisation. It helps to answer Page 3 3.34 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.8 SUMMARY OF RATIOS Another way of categorizing the ratios is being shown to you in a tabular form. A summary of the ratios has been tabulated as under: Ratio Formulae Interpretation Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current Assets CurrentLiabilities A simple measure that estimates whether the business can pay short term debts. Quick Ratio Quick Assets CurrentLiabilities It measures the ability to meet current debt immediately. Ideal ratio is 1 Cash Ratio CashandBank balances + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities ?? ?? ?? It measures absolute liquidity of the business. Basic Defense Interval Ratio ? Cash and Bank balances + Net Receivables + Marketable Securities ? Opearing Expenses÷ No.of days It measures the ability of the business to meet regular cash expenditures. Net Working Capital Ratio Current Assets – Current Liabilities It is a measure of cash flow to determine the ability of business to survive financial crisis. Capital Structure Ratio Equity Ratio Shareholders' Equity Net Assets It indicates owner’s fund in companies to total fund invested. Debt Ratio Total Debt Net Assets It is an indicator of use of outside funds. Debt to equity Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities Shareholders'Equity It indicates the composition of capital structure in terms of debt and equity. 3.35 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS Debt to Total Assets Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities TotalAssets It measures how much of total assets is financed by the debt. Capital Gearing Ratio ? PreferenceShareCapital+Debentures +Other?Borrowed?funds ? ? EquityShareCapital+ Reserves&Surplus-Losses ? It shows the proportion of fixed interest bearing capital to equity shareholders’ fund. It also signifies the advantage of financial leverage to the equity shareholder. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary Fund Total Assets It measures the proportion of total assets financed by shareholders. Coverage Ratios Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) Earningsavailablefordebtservices Interest+Instalments It measures the ability to meet the commitment of various debt services like interest, instalment etc. Ideal ratio is 2. Interest Coverage Ratio EBIT Interest It measures the ability of the business to meet interest obligations. Ideal ratio is > 1. Preference Dividend Coverage Ratio NetProfit / Earning after taxes (EAT) Preferencedividendliability It measures the ability to pay the preference shareholders’ dividend. Ideal ratio is > 1. Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio EBIT + Depreciation Interest + Repayment of loan This ratio shows how many times the cash flow before interest and taxes covers all fixed financing charges. The ideal ratio is > 1. Activity Ratio/ Efficiency Ratio/ Performance Ratio/ Turnover Ratio Total Asset Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold AverageTotalAssets A measure of total asset utilisation. It helps to answer 3.36 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT the question - What sales are being generated by each rupee’s worth of assets invested in the business? Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold FixedAssets This ratio is about fixed asset capacity. A reducing sales or profit being generated from each rupee invested in fixed assets may indicate overcapacity or poorer- performing equipment. Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold Net Assets This indicates the firm’s ability to generate sales per rupee of long term investment. Working Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /COGS WorkingCapital It measures the efficiency of the firm to use working capital. Inventory Turnover Ratio COGS / Sales AverageInventory It measures the efficiency of the firm to manage its inventory. Debtors Turnover Ratio CreditSales Average Accounts Receivable It measures the efficiency at which firm is managing its receivables. Receivables (Debtors’) Velocity Average Accounts Receivables Average Daily Credit Sales It measures the velocity of collection of receivables. Payables Turnover Ratio AnnualNetCreditPurchases AverageAccountsPayables It measures the velocity of payables payment. Profitability Ratios based on Sales Gross Profit Ratio GrossProfit ×100 Sales This ratio tells us something about the business's ability consistently to control its production costs or to manage the margins it Page 4 3.34 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.8 SUMMARY OF RATIOS Another way of categorizing the ratios is being shown to you in a tabular form. A summary of the ratios has been tabulated as under: Ratio Formulae Interpretation Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current Assets CurrentLiabilities A simple measure that estimates whether the business can pay short term debts. Quick Ratio Quick Assets CurrentLiabilities It measures the ability to meet current debt immediately. Ideal ratio is 1 Cash Ratio CashandBank balances + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities ?? ?? ?? It measures absolute liquidity of the business. Basic Defense Interval Ratio ? Cash and Bank balances + Net Receivables + Marketable Securities ? Opearing Expenses÷ No.of days It measures the ability of the business to meet regular cash expenditures. Net Working Capital Ratio Current Assets – Current Liabilities It is a measure of cash flow to determine the ability of business to survive financial crisis. Capital Structure Ratio Equity Ratio Shareholders' Equity Net Assets It indicates owner’s fund in companies to total fund invested. Debt Ratio Total Debt Net Assets It is an indicator of use of outside funds. Debt to equity Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities Shareholders'Equity It indicates the composition of capital structure in terms of debt and equity. 3.35 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS Debt to Total Assets Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities TotalAssets It measures how much of total assets is financed by the debt. Capital Gearing Ratio ? PreferenceShareCapital+Debentures +Other?Borrowed?funds ? ? EquityShareCapital+ Reserves&Surplus-Losses ? It shows the proportion of fixed interest bearing capital to equity shareholders’ fund. It also signifies the advantage of financial leverage to the equity shareholder. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary Fund Total Assets It measures the proportion of total assets financed by shareholders. Coverage Ratios Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) Earningsavailablefordebtservices Interest+Instalments It measures the ability to meet the commitment of various debt services like interest, instalment etc. Ideal ratio is 2. Interest Coverage Ratio EBIT Interest It measures the ability of the business to meet interest obligations. Ideal ratio is > 1. Preference Dividend Coverage Ratio NetProfit / Earning after taxes (EAT) Preferencedividendliability It measures the ability to pay the preference shareholders’ dividend. Ideal ratio is > 1. Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio EBIT + Depreciation Interest + Repayment of loan This ratio shows how many times the cash flow before interest and taxes covers all fixed financing charges. The ideal ratio is > 1. Activity Ratio/ Efficiency Ratio/ Performance Ratio/ Turnover Ratio Total Asset Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold AverageTotalAssets A measure of total asset utilisation. It helps to answer 3.36 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT the question - What sales are being generated by each rupee’s worth of assets invested in the business? Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold FixedAssets This ratio is about fixed asset capacity. A reducing sales or profit being generated from each rupee invested in fixed assets may indicate overcapacity or poorer- performing equipment. Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold Net Assets This indicates the firm’s ability to generate sales per rupee of long term investment. Working Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /COGS WorkingCapital It measures the efficiency of the firm to use working capital. Inventory Turnover Ratio COGS / Sales AverageInventory It measures the efficiency of the firm to manage its inventory. Debtors Turnover Ratio CreditSales Average Accounts Receivable It measures the efficiency at which firm is managing its receivables. Receivables (Debtors’) Velocity Average Accounts Receivables Average Daily Credit Sales It measures the velocity of collection of receivables. Payables Turnover Ratio AnnualNetCreditPurchases AverageAccountsPayables It measures the velocity of payables payment. Profitability Ratios based on Sales Gross Profit Ratio GrossProfit ×100 Sales This ratio tells us something about the business's ability consistently to control its production costs or to manage the margins it 3.37 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS makes on products it buys and sells. Net Profit Ratio NetProfit ×100 Sales It measures the relationship between net profit and sales of the business. Operating Profit Ratio Operating Profit ×100 Sales It measures operating performance of business. Expenses Ratio Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Ratio COGS ×100 Sales It measures portion of a particular expenses in comparison to sales. Operating Expenses Ratio ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + Sales . Overhead on Distributi & Selling exp. tive Administra x100 Operating Ratio COGS+Operatingexpenses ×100 Sales Financial Expenses Ratio Financialexpenses ×100 Sales Profitability Ratios related to Overall Return on Assets/ Investments Return on Investment (ROI) Return /Profit /Earnings ×100 Investments It measures overall return of the business on investment/ equity funds/capital employed/ assets. Return on Assets (ROA) Net Profitaftertaxes Averagetotal assets It measures net profit per rupee of average total assets/ average tangible assets/ average fixed assets. Return on Capital Employed ROCE (Pre-tax) EBIT ×100 CapitalEmployed It measures overall earnings (either pre-tax or post tax) on total capital employed. Return on Capital Employed ROCE (Post-tax) EBIT(1- t) ×100 CapitalEmployed It indicates earnings available to equity shareholders in comparison Page 5 3.34 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.8 SUMMARY OF RATIOS Another way of categorizing the ratios is being shown to you in a tabular form. A summary of the ratios has been tabulated as under: Ratio Formulae Interpretation Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Current Assets CurrentLiabilities A simple measure that estimates whether the business can pay short term debts. Quick Ratio Quick Assets CurrentLiabilities It measures the ability to meet current debt immediately. Ideal ratio is 1 Cash Ratio CashandBank balances + Marketable Securities Current Liabilities ?? ?? ?? It measures absolute liquidity of the business. Basic Defense Interval Ratio ? Cash and Bank balances + Net Receivables + Marketable Securities ? Opearing Expenses÷ No.of days It measures the ability of the business to meet regular cash expenditures. Net Working Capital Ratio Current Assets – Current Liabilities It is a measure of cash flow to determine the ability of business to survive financial crisis. Capital Structure Ratio Equity Ratio Shareholders' Equity Net Assets It indicates owner’s fund in companies to total fund invested. Debt Ratio Total Debt Net Assets It is an indicator of use of outside funds. Debt to equity Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities Shareholders'Equity It indicates the composition of capital structure in terms of debt and equity. 3.35 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS Debt to Total Assets Ratio TotalOutsideLiabilities TotalAssets It measures how much of total assets is financed by the debt. Capital Gearing Ratio ? PreferenceShareCapital+Debentures +Other?Borrowed?funds ? ? EquityShareCapital+ Reserves&Surplus-Losses ? It shows the proportion of fixed interest bearing capital to equity shareholders’ fund. It also signifies the advantage of financial leverage to the equity shareholder. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary Fund Total Assets It measures the proportion of total assets financed by shareholders. Coverage Ratios Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) Earningsavailablefordebtservices Interest+Instalments It measures the ability to meet the commitment of various debt services like interest, instalment etc. Ideal ratio is 2. Interest Coverage Ratio EBIT Interest It measures the ability of the business to meet interest obligations. Ideal ratio is > 1. Preference Dividend Coverage Ratio NetProfit / Earning after taxes (EAT) Preferencedividendliability It measures the ability to pay the preference shareholders’ dividend. Ideal ratio is > 1. Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio EBIT + Depreciation Interest + Repayment of loan This ratio shows how many times the cash flow before interest and taxes covers all fixed financing charges. The ideal ratio is > 1. Activity Ratio/ Efficiency Ratio/ Performance Ratio/ Turnover Ratio Total Asset Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold AverageTotalAssets A measure of total asset utilisation. It helps to answer 3.36 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT the question - What sales are being generated by each rupee’s worth of assets invested in the business? Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold FixedAssets This ratio is about fixed asset capacity. A reducing sales or profit being generated from each rupee invested in fixed assets may indicate overcapacity or poorer- performing equipment. Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /Costof GoodsSold Net Assets This indicates the firm’s ability to generate sales per rupee of long term investment. Working Capital Turnover Ratio Sales /COGS WorkingCapital It measures the efficiency of the firm to use working capital. Inventory Turnover Ratio COGS / Sales AverageInventory It measures the efficiency of the firm to manage its inventory. Debtors Turnover Ratio CreditSales Average Accounts Receivable It measures the efficiency at which firm is managing its receivables. Receivables (Debtors’) Velocity Average Accounts Receivables Average Daily Credit Sales It measures the velocity of collection of receivables. Payables Turnover Ratio AnnualNetCreditPurchases AverageAccountsPayables It measures the velocity of payables payment. Profitability Ratios based on Sales Gross Profit Ratio GrossProfit ×100 Sales This ratio tells us something about the business's ability consistently to control its production costs or to manage the margins it 3.37 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND PLANNING RATIO ANALYSIS makes on products it buys and sells. Net Profit Ratio NetProfit ×100 Sales It measures the relationship between net profit and sales of the business. Operating Profit Ratio Operating Profit ×100 Sales It measures operating performance of business. Expenses Ratio Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Ratio COGS ×100 Sales It measures portion of a particular expenses in comparison to sales. Operating Expenses Ratio ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + Sales . Overhead on Distributi & Selling exp. tive Administra x100 Operating Ratio COGS+Operatingexpenses ×100 Sales Financial Expenses Ratio Financialexpenses ×100 Sales Profitability Ratios related to Overall Return on Assets/ Investments Return on Investment (ROI) Return /Profit /Earnings ×100 Investments It measures overall return of the business on investment/ equity funds/capital employed/ assets. Return on Assets (ROA) Net Profitaftertaxes Averagetotal assets It measures net profit per rupee of average total assets/ average tangible assets/ average fixed assets. Return on Capital Employed ROCE (Pre-tax) EBIT ×100 CapitalEmployed It measures overall earnings (either pre-tax or post tax) on total capital employed. Return on Capital Employed ROCE (Post-tax) EBIT(1- t) ×100 CapitalEmployed It indicates earnings available to equity shareholders in comparison 3.38 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Return on Equity (ROE) NetProfitaftertaxes- Preferencedividend(ifany) ×100 Networth /equityshareholders'fund ?? ?? ?? to equity shareholders’ net worth. Profitability Ratios Required for Analysis from Owner’s Point of View Earnings per Share (EPS) Netprofitavailabletoequityshareholders Numberofequitysharesoutstanding EPS measures the overall profit generated for each share in existence over a particular period. Dividend per Share (DPS) Dividendpaidtoequity shareholders Number of equity sharesoutstanding Proportion of profit distributed per equity share. Dividend payout Ratio (DP) Dividendperequityshare EarningperShare(EPS) It shows % of EPS paid as dividend and retained earnings. Profitability Ratios related to market/ valuation/ Investors Price-Earnings per Share (P/E Ratio) MarketPriceperShare(MPS) EarningperShare(EPS) At any time, the P/E ratio is an indication of how highly the market "rates" or "values" a business. A P/E ratio is best viewed in the context of a sector or market average to get a feel for relative value and stock market pricing. Dividend Yield Dividend±Changeinsharepeice ×100 Initialshareprice OR DividendperShare(DPS) ×100 MarketPriceperShare(MPS) It measures dividend paid based on market price of shares. Earnings Yield EarningsperShare(EPS) ×100 MarketPriceperShare(MPS) It is the relationship of earning per share and market value of shares. Market Value /Book Value per Share Market valuepershare Book valuepershare It indicates market response of the shareholders’ investment.Read More
FAQs on Financial Analysis & Planning: Ratio Analysis- 2 - Financial Management & Economics Finance: CA Intermediate (Old Scheme)
| 1. What is ratio analysis and why is it important in financial analysis and planning? |  |
Ans. Ratio analysis is a technique used to evaluate the financial performance of a company by analyzing the relationship between different financial figures. It involves calculating and interpreting various ratios such as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and solvency ratios. Ratio analysis is important in financial analysis and planning as it helps in assessing the company's financial health, identifying trends, and making informed business decisions based on the analysis of these ratios.
| 2. What are liquidity ratios and how are they useful in financial analysis? | |
Ans. Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations and assess its liquidity position. The commonly used liquidity ratios include the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio. These ratios help in evaluating the company's ability to pay off its current liabilities using its current assets. Liquidity ratios are useful in financial analysis as they provide insights into the company's short-term solvency, ability to handle financial emergencies, and the efficiency of its working capital management.
| 3. How can profitability ratios be used to assess a company's financial performance? | |
Ans. Profitability ratios are used to evaluate a company's ability to generate profits in relation to its sales, assets, and equity. Examples of profitability ratios include gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and return on equity. These ratios help in assessing the company's profitability, efficiency in managing costs, and the return on investments made by shareholders. By comparing profitability ratios over time or with industry benchmarks, analysts can identify trends and evaluate the company's financial performance.
| 4. What are solvency ratios and why are they important in financial analysis? | |
Ans. Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations and assess its financial stability. The debt-to-equity ratio, interest coverage ratio, and debt ratio are examples of solvency ratios. These ratios help in evaluating the company's leverage, risk of bankruptcy, and ability to attract creditors and investors. Solvency ratios are important in financial analysis as they provide insights into the company's long-term financial health and its capacity to fulfill its debt obligations.
| 5. How can ratio analysis help in financial planning and decision-making? | |
Ans. Ratio analysis plays a crucial role in financial planning and decision-making by providing valuable insights into a company's financial performance and position. By analyzing the ratios, financial planners can identify areas of improvement, such as optimizing working capital or reducing debt levels. Ratio analysis also helps in benchmarking against industry standards, setting financial goals, and monitoring progress towards achieving those goals. Additionally, ratio analysis aids in making informed decisions regarding investments, expansion plans, and capital allocation strategies based on the company's financial strengths and weaknesses identified through the analysis.
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