What is the significance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's perspective on the Indian federal system during emergencies?

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized that the Indian Federation is unique because it can transition into a unitary system during emergencies, allowing the federal government to assume unitary powers when necessary.

Fill in the blank: A national emergency in India is declared under Article ___ of the Constitution.

352

What are the conditions under which a national emergency can be declared in India?

A national emergency can be declared due to a serious threat to the security of India or any part of its territory arising from war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

True or False: During a national emergency, all fundamental rights are suspended without exception.

False. All fundamental rights are suspended except for Articles 20 and 21.

The President can declare a state of emergency based on the Governor's report or their own assessment. True or False?

True

In the event of a state emergency, the state assembly is either dissolved or ___, but MLAs retain their membership.

Suspended

What authority does the President of India have under Article 360, and what is required for its continuation beyond two months?

The President can declare a financial emergency if there is a threat to the financial stability or credit of India, and this declaration must be approved by a resolution from both Houses of Parliament to continue beyond two months.

True or False: India has experienced a financial emergency at least once since independence.

False. India has never experienced a financial emergency.

What is the effect of declaring a National Emergency on the federal structure of India?

The declaration of a National Emergency transforms India's federal structure into a unitary system, increasing the authority of the Central Government to make laws over the entire country or specific regions.

Fill in the blanks: During a National Emergency, Fundamental Rights under Article 19 are automatically ___, and can only be suspended in cases of ___ or external aggression.

Suspended; war

What powers does the President have during a State Emergency regarding the State Legislative Assembly?

The President can dissolve the State Legislative Assembly or suspend it and may allow Parliament to make laws on behalf of the State Legislature.

True or False: During a Financial Emergency, the President can instruct states to increase the salaries of government employees.

False. During a Financial Emergency, the President can instruct states to reduce the salaries and allowances of government employees.

During a proclamation of emergency, which fundamental rights cannot be suspended?

Articles 20 and 21, which govern rights to personal liberty, right to silence, freedom from double jeopardy, and freedom from unlawful arrest and detention, cannot be suspended.

True or False: The Union can govern state matters without any limitations during a financial emergency.

False. While the Union gains significant control during an emergency, it must still operate within the framework of the Constitution, and certain fundamental rights remain protected.

The 44th Amendment changed the terminology in Article 352 from 'internal disturbance' to ___ to make emergency proclamations more specific.

Armed rebellion

True or False: Under the 44th Amendment, the President's satisfaction regarding the proclamation of an emergency is not subject to judicial review.

False. The 44th Amendment revoked the provision that made the President's satisfaction final and conclusive, allowing for judicial review.