State the equation for the first law of thermodynamics.

ΔU = Q + w

What is the sign of w when work is done on a gas?

When work is done on a gas, w is negative.

Define the entropy of a system.

True or False? Change in internal energy is directly proportional to change in temperature for all gases.

False. Change in internal energy is directly proportional to change in temperature for ideal gases.

Put the three main states of matter in order from highest to lowest entropy.

Gas (highest entropy), Liquid, Solid (lowest entropy)

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and internal energy for an ideal gas?

For an ideal gas, internal energy is the total kinetic energy of all the particles.

Why do ideal gases have no potential energy?

Ideal gases have no potential energy because there are no intermolecular forces in an ideal gas.

Does entropy increase or decrease during sublimation?

In sublimation, a solid becomes a gas so entropy increases.

Define a reversible process.

A reversible process is one where there is no overall change in entropy as the system and its surroundings are returned to their original states.

True or False? Processes occurring in real isolated systems are almost always reversible.

False. Processes occurring in real isolated systems are almost always irreversible.

What is the net change in thermal energy transferred for a reversible process?

For a reversible process, ΔS = 0, therefore change in heat transferred ΔQ = 0.

What is the second law of thermodynamics in the Clausius form?

The Clausius form of the second law of thermodynamics states that thermal energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a region of lower temperature to a region of higher temperature.

State the equation for work done under constant pressure.

The equation for work done under constant pressure is w = PΔV.

Riddle: I can increase when a solid dissolves in water, but I can also decrease when a liquid freezes. What am I?

Entropy.

Name the thermodynamic process in the first stage of the Carnot cycle.

The thermodynamic process in the first stage of the Carnot cycle is isothermal expansion.

What does the area enclosed by an engine cycle on a P-V diagram represent?

The area enclosed by a heat engine cycle represents the net work done by the engine.

What is the efficiency of a Carnot cycle in relation to the temperatures of the reservoirs?

The theoretical efficiency of a heat engine using the Carnot cycle is η = 1 - (T_c/T_h), where T_c is the cold reservoir temperature and T_h is the hot reservoir temperature.

State the condition for an isothermal process.

The condition for an isothermal process is ΔT = 0, i.e., the temperature remains constant.

What are two thermodynamic processes in which entropy does not change?

Two thermodynamic processes in which entropy does not change are: Adiabatic expansion and Adiabatic compression.