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Page 1 Short Notes on Machine Design Static Load ? A static load is a mechanical force applied slowly to an assembly or object.Load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a steady value ? This force is often applied to engineering structures on which peoples' safety depends on because engineers need to know the maximum force a structure can support before it will collapse. Dynamic load ? A dynamic load, results when loading conditions change with time. Load may change in magnitude for example, traffic of varying weight passing a bridge. ? Load may change in direction, for example, load on piston rod of a double acting cylinder. Vibration and shock are types of dynamic loading. Factor of safety (F.O.S): ? The ratio of ultimate to allowable load or stress is known as factor of safety i.e. The factor of safety can be defined as the ratio of the material strength or failure stress to the allowable or working stress. ? The factor of safety must be always greater than unity. It is easier to refer to the ratio of stresses since this applies to material properties. F.O.S = failure stress / working or allowable stress Static Failure Theories Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory): ? The principal stresses s1 (maximum principal stress), s2 (minimum principal stress) or s3 exceeds the yield stress, yielding would occur. ? For two dimensional loading situation for a ductile material where tensile and compressive yield stress are nearly of same magnitude: Page 2 Short Notes on Machine Design Static Load ? A static load is a mechanical force applied slowly to an assembly or object.Load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a steady value ? This force is often applied to engineering structures on which peoples' safety depends on because engineers need to know the maximum force a structure can support before it will collapse. Dynamic load ? A dynamic load, results when loading conditions change with time. Load may change in magnitude for example, traffic of varying weight passing a bridge. ? Load may change in direction, for example, load on piston rod of a double acting cylinder. Vibration and shock are types of dynamic loading. Factor of safety (F.O.S): ? The ratio of ultimate to allowable load or stress is known as factor of safety i.e. The factor of safety can be defined as the ratio of the material strength or failure stress to the allowable or working stress. ? The factor of safety must be always greater than unity. It is easier to refer to the ratio of stresses since this applies to material properties. F.O.S = failure stress / working or allowable stress Static Failure Theories Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory): ? The principal stresses s1 (maximum principal stress), s2 (minimum principal stress) or s3 exceeds the yield stress, yielding would occur. ? For two dimensional loading situation for a ductile material where tensile and compressive yield stress are nearly of same magnitude: ? Yielding occurs when the state of stress is at the boundary of the rectangle. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant’s theory): ? If e1 and e2 are maximum and minimum principal strains corresponding to s1 and s2, in the limiting case: ? Boundary of a yield surface in Maximum Strain Energy Theory is given below Page 3 Short Notes on Machine Design Static Load ? A static load is a mechanical force applied slowly to an assembly or object.Load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a steady value ? This force is often applied to engineering structures on which peoples' safety depends on because engineers need to know the maximum force a structure can support before it will collapse. Dynamic load ? A dynamic load, results when loading conditions change with time. Load may change in magnitude for example, traffic of varying weight passing a bridge. ? Load may change in direction, for example, load on piston rod of a double acting cylinder. Vibration and shock are types of dynamic loading. Factor of safety (F.O.S): ? The ratio of ultimate to allowable load or stress is known as factor of safety i.e. The factor of safety can be defined as the ratio of the material strength or failure stress to the allowable or working stress. ? The factor of safety must be always greater than unity. It is easier to refer to the ratio of stresses since this applies to material properties. F.O.S = failure stress / working or allowable stress Static Failure Theories Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory): ? The principal stresses s1 (maximum principal stress), s2 (minimum principal stress) or s3 exceeds the yield stress, yielding would occur. ? For two dimensional loading situation for a ductile material where tensile and compressive yield stress are nearly of same magnitude: ? Yielding occurs when the state of stress is at the boundary of the rectangle. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant’s theory): ? If e1 and e2 are maximum and minimum principal strains corresponding to s1 and s2, in the limiting case: ? Boundary of a yield surface in Maximum Strain Energy Theory is given below Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca Theory): ? At the tensile yield point s2= s3 = 0 and thus maximum shear stress is sy/2. ? Yield surface corresponding to maximum shear stress theory in biaxial stress situation is given below : Maximum strain energy theory ( Beltrami’s theory): ? Failure would occur when the total strain energy absorbed at a point per unit volume exceeds the strain energy absorbed per unit volume at the tensile yield point. Page 4 Short Notes on Machine Design Static Load ? A static load is a mechanical force applied slowly to an assembly or object.Load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a steady value ? This force is often applied to engineering structures on which peoples' safety depends on because engineers need to know the maximum force a structure can support before it will collapse. Dynamic load ? A dynamic load, results when loading conditions change with time. Load may change in magnitude for example, traffic of varying weight passing a bridge. ? Load may change in direction, for example, load on piston rod of a double acting cylinder. Vibration and shock are types of dynamic loading. Factor of safety (F.O.S): ? The ratio of ultimate to allowable load or stress is known as factor of safety i.e. The factor of safety can be defined as the ratio of the material strength or failure stress to the allowable or working stress. ? The factor of safety must be always greater than unity. It is easier to refer to the ratio of stresses since this applies to material properties. F.O.S = failure stress / working or allowable stress Static Failure Theories Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory): ? The principal stresses s1 (maximum principal stress), s2 (minimum principal stress) or s3 exceeds the yield stress, yielding would occur. ? For two dimensional loading situation for a ductile material where tensile and compressive yield stress are nearly of same magnitude: ? Yielding occurs when the state of stress is at the boundary of the rectangle. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant’s theory): ? If e1 and e2 are maximum and minimum principal strains corresponding to s1 and s2, in the limiting case: ? Boundary of a yield surface in Maximum Strain Energy Theory is given below Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca Theory): ? At the tensile yield point s2= s3 = 0 and thus maximum shear stress is sy/2. ? Yield surface corresponding to maximum shear stress theory in biaxial stress situation is given below : Maximum strain energy theory ( Beltrami’s theory): ? Failure would occur when the total strain energy absorbed at a point per unit volume exceeds the strain energy absorbed per unit volume at the tensile yield point. ? Above equation results in Elliptical yield surface which can be viewed as: Distortion energy theory (Von Mises yield criterion): ? Yielding would occur when total distortion energy absorbed per unit volume due to applied loads exceeds the distortion energy absorbed per unit volume at the tensile yield point. Total strain energy E T and strain energy for volume change E V can be given as: At the tensile yield point, s1 = sy , s2 = s3 = 0 which gives, The failure criterion is thus obtained by equating Ed and Edy , which gives In a 2-D situation if s3 = 0, so the equation reduces to, Page 5 Short Notes on Machine Design Static Load ? A static load is a mechanical force applied slowly to an assembly or object.Load does not change in magnitude and direction and normally increases gradually to a steady value ? This force is often applied to engineering structures on which peoples' safety depends on because engineers need to know the maximum force a structure can support before it will collapse. Dynamic load ? A dynamic load, results when loading conditions change with time. Load may change in magnitude for example, traffic of varying weight passing a bridge. ? Load may change in direction, for example, load on piston rod of a double acting cylinder. Vibration and shock are types of dynamic loading. Factor of safety (F.O.S): ? The ratio of ultimate to allowable load or stress is known as factor of safety i.e. The factor of safety can be defined as the ratio of the material strength or failure stress to the allowable or working stress. ? The factor of safety must be always greater than unity. It is easier to refer to the ratio of stresses since this applies to material properties. F.O.S = failure stress / working or allowable stress Static Failure Theories Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine Theory): ? The principal stresses s1 (maximum principal stress), s2 (minimum principal stress) or s3 exceeds the yield stress, yielding would occur. ? For two dimensional loading situation for a ductile material where tensile and compressive yield stress are nearly of same magnitude: ? Yielding occurs when the state of stress is at the boundary of the rectangle. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant’s theory): ? If e1 and e2 are maximum and minimum principal strains corresponding to s1 and s2, in the limiting case: ? Boundary of a yield surface in Maximum Strain Energy Theory is given below Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca Theory): ? At the tensile yield point s2= s3 = 0 and thus maximum shear stress is sy/2. ? Yield surface corresponding to maximum shear stress theory in biaxial stress situation is given below : Maximum strain energy theory ( Beltrami’s theory): ? Failure would occur when the total strain energy absorbed at a point per unit volume exceeds the strain energy absorbed per unit volume at the tensile yield point. ? Above equation results in Elliptical yield surface which can be viewed as: Distortion energy theory (Von Mises yield criterion): ? Yielding would occur when total distortion energy absorbed per unit volume due to applied loads exceeds the distortion energy absorbed per unit volume at the tensile yield point. Total strain energy E T and strain energy for volume change E V can be given as: At the tensile yield point, s1 = sy , s2 = s3 = 0 which gives, The failure criterion is thus obtained by equating Ed and Edy , which gives In a 2-D situation if s3 = 0, so the equation reduces to, ? This is an equation of ellipse and yield equation is an ellipse. ? This theory is widely accepted for ductile materials Cotter and Knuckle Joints A cotter joint is a temporary fastening and is used to connect rigidly two co-axial road or bars which are subjected to axial tensile or compressive forces. Socket and Spigot Cotter Joints In a socket and spigot cotter joint, one end of the rods is provided with a socket type of end as shown in figure and the other end of the rod is inserted into a socket. The end of the rod which goes into a socket is also called spigot. Failures in Socket and Spigot Cotter JointsRead More
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