Page 1
Indus Valley Civilization
Harappan Seals
Seals are square, rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material (mainly stones). The
standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river
stone, Steatite.
Every seal is engraved in pictographic script along with animal impression which are yet to be
deciphered. Some of seals have also been found in gold and Ivory.
Direction of writing is right to left. They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals
including those of the bull, the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters. Sometimes trees or human
figures were also depicted.
Most important example is Unicorn Seal, Pashupati Seal and Yogi Seal which are shown below.
Signifi c an ce of Seals
? They were mainly used as unit of trade and commerce.
? They were also used as an amulet (to ward off the evil).
? They were also used as an educational tool
? They were identification tool like modern day identification cards.
Pottery
A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites indicates gradual evolution of various design
motifs as employed in different shapes and styles. Potteries were mainly plain, red and black
painted. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheel- made wares, very few being
hand-made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Plain pottery is generally of red
Page 2
Indus Valley Civilization
Harappan Seals
Seals are square, rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material (mainly stones). The
standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river
stone, Steatite.
Every seal is engraved in pictographic script along with animal impression which are yet to be
deciphered. Some of seals have also been found in gold and Ivory.
Direction of writing is right to left. They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals
including those of the bull, the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters. Sometimes trees or human
figures were also depicted.
Most important example is Unicorn Seal, Pashupati Seal and Yogi Seal which are shown below.
Signifi c an ce of Seals
? They were mainly used as unit of trade and commerce.
? They were also used as an amulet (to ward off the evil).
? They were also used as an educational tool
? They were identification tool like modern day identification cards.
Pottery
A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites indicates gradual evolution of various design
motifs as employed in different shapes and styles. Potteries were mainly plain, red and black
painted. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheel- made wares, very few being
hand-made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Plain pottery is generally of red
clay, with or without a fine red or grey slip. It includes knobbed ware, ornamented with rows of
knobs. The black painted ware has a fine coating of red slip on which geometric and animal designs
are executed in glossy black paint.
Use of Pottery
? For household purpose (storage of water, food grains etc).
? For decoration- Miniature vessels used for decoration (Less than an inch size).
? Used perforated pottery (large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall, and
probably was used for straining liquor.)
Beads and Ornaments
The Harappan men and women decorated themselves with a large variety of ornaments produced
from every conceivable material ranging from precious metals, gemstones, bone and even baked
clay. Necklaces, armlets and finger rings were common and worn by both males and females.
While women wore girdles, earrings and anklets.
The bead industry seems to have been well developed as evident from the factories discovered
at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Beads were made of cornelian, amethyst, steatite, tourquise etc. The
Page 3
Indus Valley Civilization
Harappan Seals
Seals are square, rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material (mainly stones). The
standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river
stone, Steatite.
Every seal is engraved in pictographic script along with animal impression which are yet to be
deciphered. Some of seals have also been found in gold and Ivory.
Direction of writing is right to left. They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals
including those of the bull, the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters. Sometimes trees or human
figures were also depicted.
Most important example is Unicorn Seal, Pashupati Seal and Yogi Seal which are shown below.
Signifi c an ce of Seals
? They were mainly used as unit of trade and commerce.
? They were also used as an amulet (to ward off the evil).
? They were also used as an educational tool
? They were identification tool like modern day identification cards.
Pottery
A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites indicates gradual evolution of various design
motifs as employed in different shapes and styles. Potteries were mainly plain, red and black
painted. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheel- made wares, very few being
hand-made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Plain pottery is generally of red
clay, with or without a fine red or grey slip. It includes knobbed ware, ornamented with rows of
knobs. The black painted ware has a fine coating of red slip on which geometric and animal designs
are executed in glossy black paint.
Use of Pottery
? For household purpose (storage of water, food grains etc).
? For decoration- Miniature vessels used for decoration (Less than an inch size).
? Used perforated pottery (large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall, and
probably was used for straining liquor.)
Beads and Ornaments
The Harappan men and women decorated themselves with a large variety of ornaments produced
from every conceivable material ranging from precious metals, gemstones, bone and even baked
clay. Necklaces, armlets and finger rings were common and worn by both males and females.
While women wore girdles, earrings and anklets.
The bead industry seems to have been well developed as evident from the factories discovered
at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Beads were made of cornelian, amethyst, steatite, tourquise etc. The
beads are in varying shapes – disc shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel shaped and segmented.
Great technical skill has been displayed in the manufacture of these beads.
Evidences of dead bodies buried along with ornaments have also been found. Harappans were
also conscious of fashion (as different hair styles, wearing of a beard etc have been found).
Cinnabar (HgS – Mercuric Sulphide) was used as cosmetic, Lipstick, face-paint and even eyeliner's
were all known to them.
Other Facts about Indus Valley Culture
? Spinning of cotton and wool was very common.
? Men and women wore two separate pieces of attire similar to the dhoti and shawl. The
shawl covered the left shoulder passing below the right shoulder. This is evident from the
stone statue of priest.
Ending of Indus Valley Civilization
Indus valley Civilization came to an abrupt end around 1800BC and the reason for such an end is
still unknown. There are various opinions among historians and major three reasons are listed
below.
? Gradual environmental change and shift in climatic pattern, change in river pattern led to
loss of fertile land. This gradually led to desertification and end of the civilization.
? Frequent floods were common during Indus Valley Period. There are opinions that major
flood that may occurred wiped out the entire civilization.
? Aryan Invasion – There is no solid evidence for the attack of Aryans around 1800BC. It was
generally agreed by the historians that Aryans came to India around 1500BC.
Read More