Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

 Insulated Cables

INTRODUCTION

All the electric cables consist of three essential parts.

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

 The conductor for transmitting electrical power. 

  • External protection against mechanical damage, chemical or electro-chemical attack, fire or any other dangerous effects external to the cable. 
  • An insulation to isolate the conductors from each other and their surroundings.

General Construction of Cable The underground cable used for transmission of power at high voltage consists of one central core or a number of cores (two, three or four) of tinned stranded copper conductors (sometimes use of aluminium conductor is also made) insulated from each other by paper or varnished cambric or vulcanized bitumen or impregnated paper. A metallic sheath of lead or alloy or of aluminium is provided around the insulation to protect it against ingress of moisture. For the protection of metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury from the armouring a layer of bedding consisting of paper tape compounded with fibrous material is provided over the metallic sheath.

Requirements of cable

  1. The conductor (usually annealed copper with about 99.95% purity or aluminium) used in cable should be stranded one in order to provide flexibility to the cable and should be of such x-sectional area that it may carry the desired load current without overheating and causeing voltage drop within limits.
  2. The insulation  provided should be of such thickness that it may give high degree of safety and reliability at the working voltage for which it is designed,
    (iii) The cable should be provided with a mechanical protection so that it may withstand the rough usage in laying it.
    (iv) Materials used in manufacture of cable should be such as to give complete chemical and physical stability throughout.

Conductor Material Used  The materials employed for conductors generally are annealed copper and aluminium.

Copper  The used of copper is limited to cables used for control circuits, signalling and communications.

Aluminium  Power cables use standard or sector shaped aluminium conductors.

Insulation Main requirements of the insulating material :

  • High dielectric strength.
  • High insulation resistance.
  • Good mechanical strength.
  • Should be able to withstand temperatures from about–30°C to over 100°C.

Insulation Material

  • Cross linked polythene (XLPE)
  • Polyethylene thermoplastic
  • Ethylene propylene (rubber)
  • Butyl rubber
  • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
  • Oil impregnated paper

PARAMETERS OF CABLES

Insulation Resistance Figure shows a single core cable of conductor radius r and a sheath of radius R.

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  •  Insulation resistance

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

 Where r is the resistivity of the insulating material in W-m and l is the length of cable in metres. 

  • Average value of r for impregnated paper varies from 5 × 1012 to 8 × 1012 ohm-metres at 15°C. 
  • The change in resistivity of insulating materials with temperature is rt = r0e–at Where ris resistivity at t°C. r0 is resistivity at 0°C and a is constant.

Capacitance 

  • Let the charge on the surface of the conductor be q Coulomb per metre length of cable. 
  • The electric flux density Dx at a radius x

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) 

Capacitance 

  • Let the charge on the surface of the conductor be q Coulomb per metre length of cable. 
  • The electric flux density Dx at a radius x

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) 

Where Îr is the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of the cable insulation and Î0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F/m. 

  • The potential difference between the core and the sheath

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  Capacitance between core and sheath

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

THREE CORE CABLES

These are used only upto 11 kB. In these cables a potential difference exists between any two pairs of conductors and also between each conductor and sheath.

Measurement

Assumption: 

  • The dielectric is uniform between the core and the sheath. 
  • In the figure shown below Cc is the capacitance between any two pairs of conductors and Cs is the capacitance between each conductor and sheath.

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) 

  •  The capacitances Cc and Cs are obtained by the following measurement. 
  • Measurement 1 : Any two conductors are connected to the sheath and the capacitance Cx between this combination and the third conductor is measured.

 

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  •   Measurement 2 : All the three conductors are joined together and the capacitance Cy between this combination and sheath is measured.

 

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  •  Capacitance betw een any two pairs of conductors.

 Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Capacitance between each conductor and sheath

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The effective capacitance between each core and neutral (or capacitance per phase).

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE (EHV) CABLES

  • Every dielectric material has certain dielectric strength which, if exceeded, will result in rupture of the dielectric. 
  • Disruptive failure can be prevented by designing the cable such that the maximum electric stress (which occurs at the surface of the conductor) is below that required for short time puncture of the dielectric. 
  • If the gradient is taken large to reduce the overall size of the cable the dielectric losses increase very much which may result in thermal breakdown of the cable.

Electrostatic stress Let r be the radius of the conductor, R the inner radius of the sheath, Î the permittivity of the dielectric, q the charge per unit length. 

  • Gradient at a distance x
    Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
    where E is the electric field intensity.
    Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
  • Potential of the conductor with respect to sheath.
    Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • Gradient at distance x from centre

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • The gradient is maximum at the surface of the conductor

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • The gradient is minimum at the inner radius of the sheath

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • The radius of conductor which gives minimum gradient at the surface of the conductor.

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • For cable to be operates satisfactorily

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

GRADING OF CABLES

  • Grading of a cable is meant the distribution of dielectric material such that the difference between the maximum gradient and the minimum is reduced, thereby a cable of the same size could be operated at higher voltages.

Methods of Grading Capacitance Grading

  • This method involves the use of two or more layers of dielectrics having different primitivities, those with higher primitivities being nearer to the conducotor.
  • If it were possible to vary permittivity with radius x such that
    Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Thus Ex is constant throughout the thickness of insulations.

  • Two or three dielectrics with different values of relative permittivity can be used as shown in figure.

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • If all the three dielectrics are operated at the same maximum electric intensity, then

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • The operating voltage V
    Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Intersheath Grading

  • In this method only one dielectric is used but the dielectric is separated into two or more layers by thin metallic intersheaths maintained at appropriate potentials.

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • A single core cable with two intersheaths is shown in above figure.
  • The maximum voltage gradients in teh three sections

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

  • If the values of maximum and minimum potential gradients in the three sections are kept the same.

Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The document Insulated Cables | Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of the Electrical Engineering (EE) Course Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical).
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FAQs on Insulated Cables - Electrical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What are insulated cables used for in electrical engineering?
Ans. Insulated cables are commonly used in electrical engineering to transmit electrical power or signals from one point to another while providing protection against electrical shocks and interference.
2. What are the advantages of using insulated cables?
Ans. Insulated cables offer several advantages in electrical engineering, such as improved safety by minimizing the risk of electrical shocks, reduced interference from external sources, enhanced durability and protection against environmental factors, and efficient transmission of power or signals.
3. How is the insulation of cables tested in electrical engineering?
Ans. In electrical engineering, the insulation of cables is tested using various techniques. Common methods include high voltage testing, insulation resistance measurement, partial discharge testing, and thermal aging tests. These tests ensure that the insulation is capable of withstanding the required voltage levels and environmental conditions.
4. What are the different types of insulation materials used in cables?
Ans. There are various types of insulation materials used in cables for electrical engineering applications. Some commonly used materials include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), and silicone rubber. The choice of insulation material depends on factors such as voltage rating, temperature range, flexibility requirements, and environmental conditions.
5. How can I select the right insulated cable for my electrical engineering project?
Ans. Selecting the right insulated cable for an electrical engineering project involves considering several factors. These include the maximum voltage and current requirements, temperature range, environmental conditions, flexibility needs, and any specific industry standards or regulations. Consulting with a knowledgeable electrical engineer or referring to relevant technical specifications can help in making an informed decision.
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