Lab Manual: Animal Kingdom | Lab Manuals for Class 9 PDF Download

Object

• One specific feature of its phylum
• One adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.

Theory

• Animal Kingdom: These are the organisms which are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic. The cells do not have cell wall and most of them are mobile.

• Classification of animals: It is based on the type of the body design and its differentiation.

• Adaptations: Animals for their survival bring changes in the body design/structure, these changes are called adaptations.

• Habitat: The place, climatic conditions which can provide food, shelter suited for its survival.  Animal Kingdom is classified into non-chordata and chordata.

Non-chordata are invertebrates. It has eight phyla (important ones) mentioned below.

• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Platyhelminthes
• Aschelminthes
• Annelida
• Arthropoda
•  Mollusca
• Echinodermata

Choradates These are further classified as Protochorda and Vertebrata Vertebrates have five classes as mentioned

• Pisces
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia

Animal Kingdom
Non-chordates

• Porifera .Pores on body (e.g., sponge) sessile.
• Coelentrata. Stinging cells, e.g., Jelly fish, Hydra
• Platyheminthes. Flat worms e.g., liverfluke, tapeworm
• Nematoda. Roundworms e.g., Ascaris
• Annelida. Segmented worms e.g., Leech, Earthworm
• Mollusa. Soft bodies in shells, e.g., Mollusca, snails
• Arthropoda. Jointed legs e.g., spider, cockroach
• Echinodermata. Spiny skinned e.g., starfish, sea- urchin

Materials Required
Preserved specimen of earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird.

Procedure

• Observe the given specimens carefully.
• Record the characteristics.
• Draw a neat labelled diagram.
• Note one adaptive feature and one specific feature of each animal and write its phylum.

(1) Earthworm
It is a worm with segments all over its body hence Phylum: Annelida

Features of Phylum (Specific):

• Body is segmented, segments are called metameres.
• Skin is moist.
• Chitinous setae, bristles, body wall muscles helps in locomotion.
• After 13th segment clitellum seen in earthworm (14-16 segment).

Adaptive Features

• Earthworm lives in soil by making burrows in it. The cylindrical body helps in pushing the body into the soil.
• It feeds on soil, the anterior end has prostomium which sense the soil and helps it to eat the soil and convert it into fertile soil hence called farmer’s friend.
• Skin is always kept moist with the help of mucus glands, so soil does not stick to the body and helps the worm to breathe through the skin.
• During rainy season the worms come out as burrows are filled with water. This is the mating time of worms.
• It is hermaphrodite, both male and female genital pores are seen.
• The segments on the body are called setae.
• The brown colours helps it to camouflage with soil and protect from enemies.

Earthworm

(2) Cockroach
It has joint appendages, (legs) hence the phylum it belongs to is Arthropoda. The phylum with largest group of animals.

• Features of Phylum (Specific):
  (i) It possesses jointed legs.
  (ii) The exoskeleton is made up of chitin.
  (iii) They have compound eyes with mosaic vision.
  (iv) The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
  (v) It is divided into three parts; head, thorax and abdomen.
• Adaptive Features
  (i) The body is covered with thick cuticle and gives protection against enemies.
  (ii) For locomotion, each body segment bears a pair of joint appendages (legs).
  (iii) The holes (spiracles) present on the ventral side of thorax and abdomen helps in respiration.
  (iv) It has movable antennae for sensing odour.
  (v) The head has compound eyes for vision.

Male cockroach differs from female cockroach

Cockroach

Posterior End of Male Cockroach

(3) Bony Fish

• It possesses a vertebral column and belongs to
• Phylum: Chordata
• Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata
• Class: Osteischthyes – bony fish, body is spindle shape, covered with scales and respiration by gills.

Features of Phylum

• Mouth is terminal, body is spindle shaped, strong vertebral column.
• It has bony endoskeleton.
• Gills covered by an operculum for respiration.
• Air-bladder present which helps in giving buoyancy and float/swim in water.
• Dorsal and pelvic fins help in balancing and movement in water and change directions.

Adaptive Features

• The body is streamlined which helps in swimming.
• Fins are present (dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, and tail fins) for locomotion, balancing, and changing directions.
• Body is covered with scales to protect against water decay.
• Gills covered by operculum for respiration.

Bony Fish

(4) Bird

• It has vertebral column and has aerial habitat.
• Phylum: Chordata
• Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata
• Class: Aves

Features of Phylum and Class Aves

• Birds have vertebral column.
• Air cavities present in bones to make them light and give buoyancy.
• Body is steam lined, provides minimum resistance to air and helps in flying.
• Fore-limbs modified into wings and mouth into beak.
• The body is covered with feathers, provides insulation and keeps body warm.
• Breathing through nostrils.

Adaptive Features

• Streamline body helps in flying.
• Long and hollow bones provides buoyancy.
• Feathers provide insulation, maintain body temperature for warm-blooded birds.
• Wings help in flying.Pigeon