Lab Manual: Plant Kingdom | Lab Manuals for Class 9 PDF Download

Objective

Theory

• Classification: The organisms are classified/grouped based on the similarities (grouped together) and dissimilarities (grouped separately).
• Whittaker classification: It has five kingdoms and these groups are formed on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation. The classification is given below.

Further classification is done by naming the sub-groups at various levels as shown below:

• Kingdom
  
• Species: Group of organisms capable of inter-breeding to produce off-spring, e.g. species of dog.
• Genus: Group of closely related species e.g. dog.
• Family: Group of genus with common characters.
• Order: Number of families with common characters.
• Class: All similar orders are placed in a class.
• Phylum/Division: Many classes with specific common characters.
• Kingdom: All the organisms with same fundamental characteristics are in one kingdom.

Materials Required

A slide of Spirogyra, specimen of Agaricus, Fern, Moss, Finns (male and female cone), Pea plant/any flowering plant, compound microscope.
Procedure
Observe the given specimen carefully. Draw diagram of each specimen, label it and write 2-4 identifying features of the groups they belong to.

(1) Angiosperm

• [Plant: Any flowering Plant e.g. – Pea, Mustard]
• Division: Trachaeophyta
• Class: Angiospermae.

Characteristics

• The flowering plants are called angiosperras. Flower is the reproductive organ.
• The plant body is well differentiated into roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits.
• The seeds are enclosed in fruits.
• The root system may be tap root or adventitious.
• Reproduction takes place in flower.

Flowering Pant

Identifying Feature

• These are vascular plants.
• Stems bears distinct nodes and intemodes

(2) Spirogyra

• Kingdom → Plant
• Division → Thallophyta
• Class → Chlorophyta.

Characteristics

• It is a single cell thick, cylindrical filament, slimy to touch green coloured algae.
• It grows very fast in water.
• The filament has cells joined end to end.
• It has spiral shaped ribbon like chloroplast hence it is named Spirogyra. Each cell is rectangular with nucleus in the centre.
• Cell wall is clearly seen.
• Chlorophyll is present in chloroplast and helps in photosynthesis.

Spirogyra Filament

Identifying features:

• Plant body is thallus like, not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves.
• It has green coloured spiral shaped, ribbon like chloroplast.
• It has a large central vacuole.

(3) Pinus

• Kingdom → Plantae
• Division → Pteripsida
• Class → Gymnospermae.

Characteristics

• Pine trees are common in Himalayas, they are tall, conical, evergreen.
• Vascular system is well developed.
• Trees are large 30-50 m, trunk diameter up to 2 m. The leaves are needle like.
• Cones are green when young and become brown when 24 months old. Cones open on heat and release seeds.
• It is used for timber, resin.
  
  Pinus

Identifying Features

• Vascular system present.
• Seeds are naked

Male cone

Female cone

(4) Fern (Dryopteris)

• Kingdom → Plantae
• Sub-kingdom → Cryptogamae
• Division → Pteridophyta.

Characteristics

• These are commonly called wooden ferns, has 250 species of Dryopteris and around 12,000 species of ferns.
• It is found in water as well as land.
• Some species are found in humid places and few in. dry places.
• It consists of a horizontal root growing in soil called a rhizome and leaves are called fronds projecting upwards. The leaves are compound.
• On the underside of leaves (frond) are tiny, dark spots called sori that contain spores.
• The spores fertilize to give a sporophyte.
• The leaves are coiled when young and uncoil when they grow.

Fern

Identifying Features

• It has a vascular tissue i.e. xylem and phloem for conduction of water and materials.
• The sporophyte has well differentiated body with roots, stems and leaves. The leaves contain sori.
• The roots are adventitious.

(5) Agaricus

• Kingdom → Planta
• Division → Thallophyta
• Class → Basidiomycetes.

Characteristics

• Agaricus is commonly called mushroom, it is non-green.
• It has a stalk and cap like structure with spores in it.
• The spores germinate to form mycelium.
• The cap on its lower sides has gills which bear spores.

Mushroom (Agaricus)

Identifying Features

• The body is thallus like, not divided into root, stem and leaves.
• No chlorophyll present, nutrition is saprophytic.

(6) Moss (Funaria)

• Kingdom → Plantae
• Division → Bryophyta
• Class → Bryopsida.

Characteristics

• Moss plant grows in dense patches in moist shady and cool places during the rainy season. It has a height of 3-5 cm, shows radial symmetry.
• Plant body is differentiated into leafy shoot and rhizoids.
• These are multicellular, amphibious plants. Reproduce by spore formation.
• They do not have vascular system.
• They show alternation of generation i.e. the gaemetophytic stage alternates with the sporophytic stage.

Funaria

Identifying Features

• Plant body has radial symmetry and rhizoids (root like structures).
• No vascular tissues present.
• They need water for fertilization.

Plant Kingdom

Thallophyta: (Thallus — undifferentiated; Phyta — Plant body.)

• Plant body is thallus
• Commonly called algae
• Are all aquatic plants
• These algaes make their own food by photosynthesis,
  e.g. Spirogyra.

Bryophyta:

• Amphibian plants
• Plant body is commonly differentiated into stem and leaf like structures.
• No specialised vascular tissue for conduction of water and other substances.
  e.g. Moss, Funaria.

Funaria

Pteridophyta:

• Land plants with vascular tissues.
• Plants body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
• These plants do not produce seeds.
• Reproduce by spore, these are hidden hence called cryptogamae.
  e.g. Marsilea, Fern.

Marasilea

Fern

Angiosperms: (Angio – covered; Sperma – seeds)

• These are common flowering plants.
• These plants bear seeds.
• Reproduce by seeds present in fruits.
• Plant embryos in seeds have cotyledons (seed-leaves).
• Angiosperms are monocots with single cotyledon seeds,(e.g., Maize) or Dicots with two cotyledon seeds (e.g. Pea, beans).

Dicot Plant

Gymnosperms: (Gymno – naked; Sperma – seed)

• These plants bear naked seeds.
• Plants are evergreen, woody.
• The flowers are unisexual cones on same plant.

Pinus

Cycas