Mahabubnagar - 2 | Telangana State PSC (TSPSC): Preparation Course - TSPSC (Telangana) PDF Download

History of District-Dynasties

• Palamoor's historical narrative has been challenging to unearth due to historical neglect by ruling powers. The region was predominantly under the governance of localized rulers such as Samasthans, Jamindars, Doras, and landlords, leading to a lack of recorded history. The majority of Palamoor's population endured poverty and servitude, with historical documentation seldom being a priority.
• Palamoor district was part of the "Asmaka" Janapada from the 6th century BC onwards. According to the Mahabharata, "Ashmaka" Janapada was situated in the "Dakshinapatham" (Southern Part) and had its capital at "POUDANYANAGARA," later known as "Mulikinadu." Agastya Maharshi, as per the Mahabharata, journeyed to Dakshinapatha and erected the Shiva temple "Agastheeswara Temple" along the banks of the river Krishna near Kollapur.

Asoka's Kingdom

• During the reign of Emperor Ashoka, this region marked the southernmost extent of his empire around 250 BC. 
• Various inscriptions of Ashoka can be found in locations adjacent to Palamoor, such as "Maski" in Raichur district of Karnataka and Erragudi in Kurnool District.

South Indian Dynasties

Satavahana Dynasty (221BC-218 AD)

• The Satavahana Dynasty, originating from Kotilingala, ruled South India for over 400 years. 
• According to Historian Prof. M. Radha Krishna Sharma, the name "Shathavahana" is linked to the village "SATANAKOTA" near Alampur. 
• Despite the discovery of coins and inscriptions, the village is now submerged in the Srisailam Reservoir's backwater.

Vishnukundin Dynasty(358-500 AD)

• The Vishnukundin Dynasty, with its roots in Amrabad, played a significant role in Palamoor's history. 
• Raja Maha Rajendra Varma, the dynasty's founder, hailed from Palamoor District. 
• Notably, the Vishnukundin Kingdom expanded under Mahadeva Verma-I's rule, with victories over neighboring territories. 
• The Vishnukundin rulers, as per Epigraphist B.N. Sastry, had connections to Palamoor District.

Badami Chalukyan (500 to 755 AD)

• The Badami Chalukyas, under Keerthi Verma-I, integrated Palamoor into their realm. Alampur served as a pivotal center for these rulers, evident from numerous inscriptions. 
• Pulakesi-II of Badami Chalukyans is credited with the construction of Navabrahmeswara Temples in Alampur, showcasing the Nagara style of Temple Architecture. 
• His reign saw the spread of this architectural style to various regions, including South India, with victories over Pallavas of Kanchipura.

Rashtrakutas Dynasty – Ruled for a brief period in 9th Century

• During the Rashtrakuta era, Palamoor District played a significant role in numerous battles, serving as a training ground for various kings of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty. 
• Dantidurga, the founder of the independent Rashtrakuta Kingdom, initiated campaigns to expand his realm, triumphing over Keerthiverma-II of the Badami Chalukya dynasty and claiming victory over the Badami Chalukyan Kingdom. 
• Subsequently, King Dhruva-I extended the kingdom's influence by conquering territories such as Vengi Chalukyas, Pallavas, Malava, and Gowda Deshas, even reaching the Ganga River. 
• Noteworthy events during his reign include the construction of the "Western Gate" to the Brahmeswara Temple in Alampur and his generous donations and feasts during the Maharnavami festival at Alampur. 
• Other Rashtrakuta kings, such as Govinda-III, left inscriptions detailing their contributions to temples like Utthareswara and Chowdeswari. 
• The region was also ruled by monarchs like Amogha Varsha and Krishna-II during the Rashtrakuta period.

Kalyani Chalukyas (965-1162 A.D)

• The Kalyani Chalukyas, illustrious rulers who governed the region for approximately two centuries, left behind around 63 inscriptions in the district. 
• During their reign, several significant temples were constructed, including the Agastheswara Temple and the Kudali Sanghameswara Temple (now situated in Alampur), among others such as Alampuram, Gangapuram, Ujjili, Puduru, Bekkem, Allwanpally, Avancha, Pedda Kadumur, Budapur, Nekkonda, Rachur, and Vankasamudram. 
• The Kandur Chodas served as vassals to the Kalyani Chalukyas, with notable rulers such as Tailappa-II, Satyasraya, Vikramaditya, Jagadeka Malla, Someswara-I, Bhavaneka Malla (or Someswara-II), Thribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya, Someswara-III, Jagadekamalla-II, and Tailappa-III. 
• Several battle sites in the district, such as Pudur (where the Cholas were defeated) and Kudali Sangameswara (where the Cholas suffered a loss), attest to the military prowess of these kings, who also made significant contributions to the development of the Alampur temple. 
• The Telugu Chodas, Yadavas, and Kakatiyas served as vassals and allies to the Kalyani Chalukyas during their rule.

Kanduri Chodas (1040-1290)

• The Kanduri Chodas, originally hailing from Mahaboob Nagar, trace their lineage back to the Telugu Choda dynasty. These monarchs held sway over the northern and southern regions of the Krishna and Tungabhadra Rivers as independent rulers. 
• Towns such as Vardhamana Puram, Kandur, Kodur, Rachur, and Gangapuram served as notable urban centers and capitals for these rulers, with Vangur and Sarikonda emerging as key administrative hubs. 
• The Vaidumbas, ruling over the AIZA mandalam with its 300 villages, served as vassals to the Kanduri Chodas. Vardhamana Puram, the capital of Udhyana Choda, held prominence within the kingdom, while Kandur, an ancient city of the district, served as the capital for periods of time. 
• These kings, often associated with the Karikalachola family, fortified strategic locations such as Panagallu, Kandur, Ghanapuram, Gangapuram, Vardhamanapuram, Amrabad, Rachur, Kodur, Maghatala (Makthal), Vangur, and Munnanur to safeguard their realm. Kakati Rudradeva's victory over Bhimadeva, the son of the Udhyana Choda king of Vardhamanapuram, led to his marriage with Bhimadeva's sister Padmavathi. 
• The kings were also known for their philanthropy, donating lands to temples and leaving behind inscriptions, such as the donation of Lingala village to the Somasila temple. Under their rule, this region flourished as a formidable kingdom, enduring for 250 years.

Kakatiyas (995-1323)

• The Kakatiyas made notable contributions to the district, with figures like Prola-II and Rudradeva playing key roles. Rudradeva's establishment of the Rudradeva Fort at Munnanur spanned an impressive 30-mile area. Ganapathi Deva, a renowned ruler, oversaw the construction of the Ghanapuram Fort and several temples, including Buddheswara Sahasralingam, Lakshmi Narasimha, and Narayana.
• Gona Ganna Reddy, from Vardamanapuram, emerged as a significant figure during King Pratapa Rudra's reign. He conquered Raichur and erected a fort, while his father, Gona Budda Reddy, contributed the Ranganatha Ramayanam in Telugu.

Malyala Dynasty

• Budapuram and Vardamana Puram served as significant centers for the Malyala Kings, who acted as vassals of the Kakatiyas. These kings played crucial roles in various battles during the reigns of Ganapathi Deva, Rudramadevi, and Prataparudra. 
• Notably, Malyala Kappambhika, the wife of Gunda Dandadeswara, oversaw the construction of a temple in Budapuram (also known as Bhoothpur) in the year 1276 A.D.

Cherukureddy Kings

• The Cherukureddy kings governed the Amrabad region. 
• Inscriptions found at the ancient Shiva temple in Amrabad dating back to 1258 A.D. provide insights into their rule. 
• They held sway over Amrabad as their capital and controlled parts of Nalgonda district as well.

Gona Kings

• The Gona Kings, who were vassals of the Kakatiyas, ruled over Vardhamanapuram. 
• Gona Budhareddy and Gona Gannareddy, renowned rulers of this lineage, offered substantial support to the Kakatiya monarchs. 
• Important territories of this kingdom included Vardhamanpuram (Vaddemin of Bijinapally Mandal) and Budapuram (Bhoothpur).

Vavilala

• The eastern region, presently situated in Madgul Mandal, was known as "IRVIN" and governed by the Vavilala Kings. 
• These rulers held authority over areas such as Amanagallu, Charikonda, Irvin, and Vangur. 
• Rudraya Reddy stood out as a prominent monarch of this dynasty, which operated as vassals of the Kakatiyas.

Yadavas

• During the era of Kakati Mahadeva, who was defeated by the Yadava Kings, this domain fell under the governance of the Yadavas from Devagiri. 
• "Sthanumantri," the Dandanayaka of Yadava King Ramachandradeva, left an inscription at the Shiva Temple of Magatala (Makthal) detailing the Yadavas' reign over this territory.

Musunuri (1325-1365)

• Following Prataparudra's defeat by the Muslims, Musunuri Kings governed the Kakatiya Kingdom as their vassals. Notably, Palamoor and Shaadnagar regions fell under their jurisdiction.
• Prolaya Nayaka and Kapaya Nayaka were prominent rulers during this era. They endeavored to safeguard Hindu culture and realms against Muslim incursions following the Kakatiya era.

Recharla Padmanayakas (1303-1470)

• Belonging to the Kakatiya feudatories, these kings oversaw Kalwakurty and Raghupathipet territories in the Rachakonda and Devarakonda regions of Nalgonda District.
• Significantly, Palamoor District became a battleground between these rulers and the Vijayanagara, Reddy, and Bahamani monarchs.

Bahamani (1347-1518)

• The Bahamani Sultanate extended its conflicts into this realm to counter the Vijayanagar Kings and other opponents.
• Central strongholds included Gulbarga, Raichur, and neighboring forts within the district, witnessing numerous significant battles.
• An important confrontation occurred at the confluence of the Krishna and Bhima rivers, led by Ramaraya of Vijaya Nagar.

Qutb Shahi Dynasty (1596-1687)

• Under the direct rule of the Qutb Shahis, regions such as Golkonda, Koilkonda, and Ghanapur, serving as key defensive fortresses, thrived.
• The area saw the Rakkasi Thangadi battle in 1565 and faced Aurangzeb's assault on the Golkonda fort, originating from the same vicinity.

Vijayanagara Kings (1336-1565)

• In 1397 AD, Alampur and Panagallu were conquered by the Vijayanagar Kings.
• Several wars took place between the Vijayanagar Kings and the Sultans in this region.
• Koilkonda, Panagal, and Raichur were crucial forts during this period.
• King Srikrishna Devaraya (1509-29) had a significant influence, visiting the Alampur temple frequently.
• He oversaw the construction of the Narsimha Swamy temple at Alampur.
• In 1521 A.D., Srikrishna Devaraya laid the Alampur inscription and made donations to the Alampur temple.
• According to the copper plate inscription of Alampur in 1526, Alampur was one of the Nayankara.
• Achutaraya conquered Panagal during this time.
• In 1565, the Rakkasi Thangadi War by the river Malapahari-Krishna altered the fate of the Vijaya Nagara Kings.
• Some parts of this conflict also occurred in the Maganoor Mandal area on the banks of Krishna-Bhima Sanghamam.
• In 1557-58, Ramaraya organized a meeting between the Sultans to foster friendly relations at Krishna-Bhima Sangamam in Mahaboob Nagar District.
• Following the defeat of the Vijayanagar Kings, the region came under the control of the Qutb Shahi Kings until 1587.

Mughal Rule

• Aurangazeb, the Mughal emperor, invaded Golconda in 1687 A.D. and incorporated it into the Mughal Empire.
• Subsequently, Golconda became a part of the Deccan Subha, with a Nizam appointed as an agent of the Mughal emperor.
• For approximately 35 years, the region was under Mughal rule, with the final ruler being Mubariz Khan.

Nizam Dynasty (Asif Jahi Dynasty from 1724-1948 A.D)

• The Nizam Dynasty, also known as the Asif Jahi Dynasty, reigned from 1724 to 1948 A.D.
• The dynasty amassed immense wealth and led opulent lifestyles, with Nizam VII being the wealthiest individual of his time.
• Nizam VII was honored as the "Faithful Ally of the British."
• Despite the hardships faced by the people, the dynasty left behind numerous landmarks, treasures, art, culinary styles, and a rich culture.
• Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan Nizam-VI, a benevolent ruler, was particularly renowned and ruled from 1869 to 1911.

7 Asaf Jahi Rulers of the Nizam Dynasty

• During this period, significant reforms known as the Salarjung reforms were implemented.
• Maharaja Kishen Pershad introduced several reforms and initiatives.
• Palamoor District was renamed Mahaboob Nagar District in honor of Nawab Maharaja Kishen Pershad.
• An allocation of 25 Lakhs was made to combat drought conditions.
• Maharaja Kishen Pershad was also affectionately referred to as "Mahaboob-E-Deccan."
• The final Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-1948), presided over the region during a tumultuous period.
• Several conflicts and wars occurred during his reign, including the suppression of the Freedom Movement.
• In 1925, the "Golkonda Pathrika" newspaper was launched by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, a vocal critic of Nizam rule.
• In 1947, the movement against the Nizam intensified, culminating in Indian Military intervention in 1948 under Sardar Patel's leadership.
• Indian Military forces defeated the Nizam's regime on September 17, 1948, leading to the integration of the region into the Indian Union.