Maintaining Water & Nitrogen Balance in the Body | Biology for Grade 10 PDF Download

Maintaining Nitrogen Balance in the Body - Higher

Once we have eaten our food, it is then digested by the body. The digestion of proteins is broken down by protease enzymes into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
When excessive amounts of protein are eaten, the excess amino acids produced from digesting proteins are transported to the liver from the small intestine. The liver controls the amino acid concentration in the body, as excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely. The body is unable to store proteins or amino acids.
In the liver ammonia is formed by the deamination of amino acids. It is highly toxic and cannot be allowed to accumulate in the body. Excess ammonia is converted to urea. Urea and water are released from the liver cells in to the bloodstream and transported to the kidneys where the blood is filtered and the urea is passed out of the body in the urine.

Maintaining water balance in the body

Blood is transported to the kidney through the renal artery. The blood is filtered at a high pressure and the kidney selectively reabsorbs any useful materials such as glucose, salt ions and water. After it has been purified, the blood returns to the circulatory system through the renal vein.
The kidneys produce urine and this helps maintain water balance. The urine is taken from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters. The bladder stores the urine until it is convenient to expel it from the body.

Note:  'ureter' differs from the word 'urethra'. The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, whereas the urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body.

Urine

Urine contains water, urea and salts. Urea is produced in the liver when excess amino acids are broken down. Urea is the main waste product removed in the urine, as it is not reabsorbed in the kidney.

The Nephron

Stage 1 - Filtration
Blood passes through the nephron inside the kidneys, there are many capillaries inside the kidney, and the blood is under high pressure at the start of the nephron, which aids the ultrafiltration of the blood. Small molecules are filtered out and pass into the nephron tubule. These small molecules include ureas, water, ions, and glucose. However, large molecules, such as blood proteins, are too big to fit through the capillary wall and remain in the blood.

Stage 2 - Selective reabsorption
Having filtered out small essential molecules from the blood - the kidneys must reabsorb the molecules which are needed, while allowing those molecules which are not needed to pass out in the urine. Therefore, the kidneys selectively reabsorb only those molecules which the body needs back in the bloodstream.
The reabsorbed molecules include:

• all of the glucose which was originally filtered out
• as much water as the body needs to maintain a constant water level in the blood plasma
• as many ions as the body needs to maintain a constant balance of mineral ions in the blood plasma

Stage 3 - The formation of urine
The molecules which are not selectively reabsorbed (the urea, excess water and ions) continue along the nephron tubule as urine. This eventually passes down to the bladder.
In carrying out these processes, the kidney is able to fulfil its functions of regulating the water and ion balance of the blood plasma, as well as keeping the level of urea low.