Medieval Kerala | Kerala State PSC (KPSC) Preparation - Kerala PSC KAS PDF Download

 Page 1


The Portuguese Period
? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator
to reach India by sea route.
? Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May
1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king
Manuel.
? Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.
? Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the
invitation of  Kolathiri Raja.
? Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499.
? Gama’s second visit was in 1502.
? Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524
and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre-
mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin.
Later his  mortal remains were brought back to
Lisbon, Portugal.
? The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala
was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached
Cochin on 24 December, 1500.
? Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portu-
guese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD.
? Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the
Portuguese statesmen who came to the East.
? Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese.
? Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval com-
manders of Zamorin.
? Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali.
He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and
‘Lord of the Indian Seas’.
? In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin
and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa.
? Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St.
Gabriel.
? The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur
Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was con-
ducted by the Portuguese (1599)
? The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the ap-
pointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653.
? First European fort built in India was the Fort
Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque.
Zamorin in Calicut
The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750
yrs.  Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.
According to historians, the period of
zamorins started in the year 346 AD.  The
Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to
Calicut during the period of Manavikraman
Samoothiri.
The first mention about the Zamorins is
in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.  The Chief
Ministers  named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and
the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped
in the administration.  They had good trade
relations with the Arabs and the Chinese.  The
dynasty who ruled a province in India for the
longest period is the Zamorins.
Mamankam
Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the
festival celebrated on the banks of river
Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram
district) once in 12 years.
Initially it was conducted by
Valluvakonathiri.  Later the ‘Status of Protec-
tor’ was taken by the Zamorin.  The
‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by
Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’.
There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs
and athletic meets in association with this 28
day long festival.
During the last mamankam which was held
in 1776 A.D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the
Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power.
‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara,
Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were
associated with Mamamkam were still present
in Thirunavaya
Page 2


The Portuguese Period
? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator
to reach India by sea route.
? Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May
1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king
Manuel.
? Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.
? Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the
invitation of  Kolathiri Raja.
? Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499.
? Gama’s second visit was in 1502.
? Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524
and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre-
mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin.
Later his  mortal remains were brought back to
Lisbon, Portugal.
? The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala
was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached
Cochin on 24 December, 1500.
? Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portu-
guese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD.
? Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the
Portuguese statesmen who came to the East.
? Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese.
? Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval com-
manders of Zamorin.
? Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali.
He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and
‘Lord of the Indian Seas’.
? In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin
and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa.
? Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St.
Gabriel.
? The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur
Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was con-
ducted by the Portuguese (1599)
? The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the ap-
pointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653.
? First European fort built in India was the Fort
Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque.
Zamorin in Calicut
The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750
yrs.  Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.
According to historians, the period of
zamorins started in the year 346 AD.  The
Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to
Calicut during the period of Manavikraman
Samoothiri.
The first mention about the Zamorins is
in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.  The Chief
Ministers  named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and
the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped
in the administration.  They had good trade
relations with the Arabs and the Chinese.  The
dynasty who ruled a province in India for the
longest period is the Zamorins.
Mamankam
Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the
festival celebrated on the banks of river
Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram
district) once in 12 years.
Initially it was conducted by
Valluvakonathiri.  Later the ‘Status of Protec-
tor’ was taken by the Zamorin.  The
‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by
Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’.
There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs
and athletic meets in association with this 28
day long festival.
During the last mamankam which was held
in 1776 A.D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the
Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power.
‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara,
Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were
associated with Mamamkam were still present
in Thirunavaya
The Dutch in Kerala
? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Eu-
rope to establish trade contacts with Kerala.
? The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602.
? Dutch Admiral Steven V an Der Hagen was the first
Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut)
? The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam,
Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam,
Cochin etc.
? They first of all entered into an alliance with the
Zamorin of Calicut.
? By the Treaty of V enad (1662), they established
their monopoly of pepper trade.
? Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and
beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way
for English Supremacy.
? They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala.
They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and
Baypin.
? The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked
Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch
Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer.
? Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is
the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It
was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van
Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda
Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and
Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti
Achuthan were associated with its compilation.
The work was published from Amsterdam (Hol-
land) between 1678 and 1703.
? They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744.
The Growth of British Power in
Kerala
? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps
Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer
Englishman’’(1583)
? The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with
three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his
embassy to the court of Jahangir.
? British merchants exported pepper to England for
the first time from Cochin in 1626.
? First English factory in Kerala was set up at
Vizhinjam.
? In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu
fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construc-
tion was started in 1684.
? The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It
was between the natives and the British traders.
140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives.
The event occured near Anjengo.
? Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt
against the English in Kerala.
? By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the En-
glish East India Company.
? By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore ac-
cepted the Supremacy of the Company.
? Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British
Resident in Travancore.
? The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu
Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political
freedom of Travancore.
Challenge to British Supremacy
? The more serious of the revolts against the British
in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family.
? Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 - 1797, second
revolt was in 1800-1805.
? Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue
policy of the British.
? The immediate cause of the second revolt was the
British move to take possession of Wayanadu
which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler
under the Partition Treaty following the fall of
Srirangapattanam in 1799.
‘Anchal’ System
The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and
Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word
‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’
which means messenger.  Government articles and let-
ters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people
from the time of Marthanda V arma.  This system was
modified in 959 K.E.(Kollam  era).  Later Col. Munro
introduced the ‘anchal system’ .
Page 3


The Portuguese Period
? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator
to reach India by sea route.
? Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May
1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king
Manuel.
? Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.
? Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the
invitation of  Kolathiri Raja.
? Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499.
? Gama’s second visit was in 1502.
? Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524
and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre-
mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin.
Later his  mortal remains were brought back to
Lisbon, Portugal.
? The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala
was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached
Cochin on 24 December, 1500.
? Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portu-
guese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD.
? Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the
Portuguese statesmen who came to the East.
? Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese.
? Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval com-
manders of Zamorin.
? Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali.
He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and
‘Lord of the Indian Seas’.
? In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin
and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa.
? Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St.
Gabriel.
? The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur
Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was con-
ducted by the Portuguese (1599)
? The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the ap-
pointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653.
? First European fort built in India was the Fort
Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque.
Zamorin in Calicut
The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750
yrs.  Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.
According to historians, the period of
zamorins started in the year 346 AD.  The
Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to
Calicut during the period of Manavikraman
Samoothiri.
The first mention about the Zamorins is
in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.  The Chief
Ministers  named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and
the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped
in the administration.  They had good trade
relations with the Arabs and the Chinese.  The
dynasty who ruled a province in India for the
longest period is the Zamorins.
Mamankam
Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the
festival celebrated on the banks of river
Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram
district) once in 12 years.
Initially it was conducted by
Valluvakonathiri.  Later the ‘Status of Protec-
tor’ was taken by the Zamorin.  The
‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by
Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’.
There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs
and athletic meets in association with this 28
day long festival.
During the last mamankam which was held
in 1776 A.D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the
Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power.
‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara,
Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were
associated with Mamamkam were still present
in Thirunavaya
The Dutch in Kerala
? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Eu-
rope to establish trade contacts with Kerala.
? The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602.
? Dutch Admiral Steven V an Der Hagen was the first
Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut)
? The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam,
Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam,
Cochin etc.
? They first of all entered into an alliance with the
Zamorin of Calicut.
? By the Treaty of V enad (1662), they established
their monopoly of pepper trade.
? Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and
beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way
for English Supremacy.
? They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala.
They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and
Baypin.
? The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked
Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch
Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer.
? Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is
the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It
was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van
Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda
Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and
Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti
Achuthan were associated with its compilation.
The work was published from Amsterdam (Hol-
land) between 1678 and 1703.
? They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744.
The Growth of British Power in
Kerala
? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps
Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer
Englishman’’(1583)
? The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with
three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his
embassy to the court of Jahangir.
? British merchants exported pepper to England for
the first time from Cochin in 1626.
? First English factory in Kerala was set up at
Vizhinjam.
? In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu
fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construc-
tion was started in 1684.
? The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It
was between the natives and the British traders.
140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives.
The event occured near Anjengo.
? Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt
against the English in Kerala.
? By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the En-
glish East India Company.
? By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore ac-
cepted the Supremacy of the Company.
? Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British
Resident in Travancore.
? The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu
Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political
freedom of Travancore.
Challenge to British Supremacy
? The more serious of the revolts against the British
in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family.
? Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 - 1797, second
revolt was in 1800-1805.
? Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue
policy of the British.
? The immediate cause of the second revolt was the
British move to take possession of Wayanadu
which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler
under the Partition Treaty following the fall of
Srirangapattanam in 1799.
‘Anchal’ System
The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and
Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word
‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’
which means messenger.  Government articles and let-
ters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people
from the time of Marthanda V arma.  This system was
modified in 959 K.E.(Kollam  era).  Later Col. Munro
introduced the ‘anchal system’ .
? Pazhassi Raja organised the guerilla warfare from
the Wynadu hills particularly from the Puralimala
with the help of Kurichyas and Kurumbas, the
tribals of Wynadu and Nairs.
? ‘‘Kerala Simham’ is a historical novel written by
Sardar K.M. Panicker about Pazhassi Raja. The
Malayalam film ‘Kerala Simham’ was directed by
Navodaya Appachan.
? On the 30th November 1805 the Raja was shot dead
by Thomas Harvey Baber, Subcollector of
Tellichery. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of
Wellington) was the Commander in Chief of the
British forces in Malabar.
? Pazhassi was killed on the banks of ‘Mavilathode’.
? Parankippadayali is also a novel written by K.M.
Panicker.
Revolt of Velu Thampi &
Paliath Achan
? VeluThampi was the Dalawa of Travancore
? Velu Thampi was appointed as Mulakumadiseela
Karyakkar (Commercial minister in 1799 by
Balaramavarma)
? In 1800 he became the Dalawa.
? Velu Thampi introduced travelling courts in
Travancore.
? On 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984) issued the
famous Kundara Proclamation indicting the Brit-
ish rule and exhorting the people to rally under his
banner for a patriotic struggle against the foreigners.
? He organised the Hajoor Kachery at Kollam.
? V elu Thampi committed suicide in the house of the
Potti of the Bhagavati temple at Mannadi.
? His relatives were deported to Maldives.
? The oldest male member of the Paliyam family was
the hereditary Diwan of Cochin Raja.
? Paliyat Achan revolted against the British in col-
laboration with V elu Thampi. But he was finally
defeated and deported to Madras. Cochin became
a subsidiary state of the British in 1809.
? The Kurichyas and Kurumbas of Wynad rose in
revolt against the British in 1812.
? Kurichya Revolt was the last of the early revolts
broke out in Malabar against the British supremacy .
Enlightened Administration in
Travancore
? After the death of Dharmaraja, Balarama Varma
came to the throne.
? He appointed V elu Thampi as his commerce minis-
ter and then the Dalawa.
? Ummini Thampi became the new Dalawa after  V elu
Thampi.
? The weaver’s township of Balaramapuram was cre-
ated by Ummini Thampi.
? Resident Col. Monro was appointed as the first
English Diwan in Travancore
? The Secretariat System was introduced in
Travancore by Col. Munro.
? Col.Munro changed the Karyakkar position to
Tahsildar.
? The direct management of Devaswams by Govt
was introduced by Col. Monro.
IIIIIIIII IIIII
? Attingal Rebellion .......................... 1721
? Kulachal Battle ............................... 1741
? Kundara Proclamation .................... 1809
? Kurichyar Rebellion ....................... 1812
? Channar Lahala .............................. 1859
? Malayali Memorial (Travancore) ..... 1891
? Ezhava Memorial ............................ 1896
? Mopla Rebellion, Wagon Tragedy .. 1921
? V aikkom Satyagraha ....................... 1924
? Civil Disobedience Movement ........ 1930
? Guruvayoor Satyagraha .................. 1931
? Nivarthana Agitation ...................... 1932
? Temple Entry Proclamation ............. 1936
? State Congress Movement ............. 1938
? Kayyur Rebellion ........................... 1941
? Punnapra Vayalar Rebellion ............ 1946
? Formation of Kerala State ............... 1956
? Liberation Movement ..................... 1959
Page 4


The Portuguese Period
? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator
to reach India by sea route.
? Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May
1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king
Manuel.
? Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.
? Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the
invitation of  Kolathiri Raja.
? Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499.
? Gama’s second visit was in 1502.
? Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524
and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre-
mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin.
Later his  mortal remains were brought back to
Lisbon, Portugal.
? The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala
was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached
Cochin on 24 December, 1500.
? Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portu-
guese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD.
? Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the
Portuguese statesmen who came to the East.
? Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese.
? Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval com-
manders of Zamorin.
? Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali.
He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and
‘Lord of the Indian Seas’.
? In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin
and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa.
? Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St.
Gabriel.
? The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur
Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was con-
ducted by the Portuguese (1599)
? The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the ap-
pointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653.
? First European fort built in India was the Fort
Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque.
Zamorin in Calicut
The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750
yrs.  Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.
According to historians, the period of
zamorins started in the year 346 AD.  The
Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to
Calicut during the period of Manavikraman
Samoothiri.
The first mention about the Zamorins is
in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.  The Chief
Ministers  named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and
the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped
in the administration.  They had good trade
relations with the Arabs and the Chinese.  The
dynasty who ruled a province in India for the
longest period is the Zamorins.
Mamankam
Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the
festival celebrated on the banks of river
Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram
district) once in 12 years.
Initially it was conducted by
Valluvakonathiri.  Later the ‘Status of Protec-
tor’ was taken by the Zamorin.  The
‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by
Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’.
There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs
and athletic meets in association with this 28
day long festival.
During the last mamankam which was held
in 1776 A.D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the
Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power.
‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara,
Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were
associated with Mamamkam were still present
in Thirunavaya
The Dutch in Kerala
? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Eu-
rope to establish trade contacts with Kerala.
? The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602.
? Dutch Admiral Steven V an Der Hagen was the first
Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut)
? The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam,
Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam,
Cochin etc.
? They first of all entered into an alliance with the
Zamorin of Calicut.
? By the Treaty of V enad (1662), they established
their monopoly of pepper trade.
? Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and
beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way
for English Supremacy.
? They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala.
They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and
Baypin.
? The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked
Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch
Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer.
? Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is
the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It
was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van
Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda
Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and
Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti
Achuthan were associated with its compilation.
The work was published from Amsterdam (Hol-
land) between 1678 and 1703.
? They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744.
The Growth of British Power in
Kerala
? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps
Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer
Englishman’’(1583)
? The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with
three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his
embassy to the court of Jahangir.
? British merchants exported pepper to England for
the first time from Cochin in 1626.
? First English factory in Kerala was set up at
Vizhinjam.
? In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu
fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construc-
tion was started in 1684.
? The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It
was between the natives and the British traders.
140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives.
The event occured near Anjengo.
? Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt
against the English in Kerala.
? By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the En-
glish East India Company.
? By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore ac-
cepted the Supremacy of the Company.
? Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British
Resident in Travancore.
? The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu
Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political
freedom of Travancore.
Challenge to British Supremacy
? The more serious of the revolts against the British
in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family.
? Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 - 1797, second
revolt was in 1800-1805.
? Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue
policy of the British.
? The immediate cause of the second revolt was the
British move to take possession of Wayanadu
which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler
under the Partition Treaty following the fall of
Srirangapattanam in 1799.
‘Anchal’ System
The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and
Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word
‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’
which means messenger.  Government articles and let-
ters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people
from the time of Marthanda V arma.  This system was
modified in 959 K.E.(Kollam  era).  Later Col. Munro
introduced the ‘anchal system’ .
? Pazhassi Raja organised the guerilla warfare from
the Wynadu hills particularly from the Puralimala
with the help of Kurichyas and Kurumbas, the
tribals of Wynadu and Nairs.
? ‘‘Kerala Simham’ is a historical novel written by
Sardar K.M. Panicker about Pazhassi Raja. The
Malayalam film ‘Kerala Simham’ was directed by
Navodaya Appachan.
? On the 30th November 1805 the Raja was shot dead
by Thomas Harvey Baber, Subcollector of
Tellichery. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of
Wellington) was the Commander in Chief of the
British forces in Malabar.
? Pazhassi was killed on the banks of ‘Mavilathode’.
? Parankippadayali is also a novel written by K.M.
Panicker.
Revolt of Velu Thampi &
Paliath Achan
? VeluThampi was the Dalawa of Travancore
? Velu Thampi was appointed as Mulakumadiseela
Karyakkar (Commercial minister in 1799 by
Balaramavarma)
? In 1800 he became the Dalawa.
? Velu Thampi introduced travelling courts in
Travancore.
? On 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984) issued the
famous Kundara Proclamation indicting the Brit-
ish rule and exhorting the people to rally under his
banner for a patriotic struggle against the foreigners.
? He organised the Hajoor Kachery at Kollam.
? V elu Thampi committed suicide in the house of the
Potti of the Bhagavati temple at Mannadi.
? His relatives were deported to Maldives.
? The oldest male member of the Paliyam family was
the hereditary Diwan of Cochin Raja.
? Paliyat Achan revolted against the British in col-
laboration with V elu Thampi. But he was finally
defeated and deported to Madras. Cochin became
a subsidiary state of the British in 1809.
? The Kurichyas and Kurumbas of Wynad rose in
revolt against the British in 1812.
? Kurichya Revolt was the last of the early revolts
broke out in Malabar against the British supremacy .
Enlightened Administration in
Travancore
? After the death of Dharmaraja, Balarama Varma
came to the throne.
? He appointed V elu Thampi as his commerce minis-
ter and then the Dalawa.
? Ummini Thampi became the new Dalawa after  V elu
Thampi.
? The weaver’s township of Balaramapuram was cre-
ated by Ummini Thampi.
? Resident Col. Monro was appointed as the first
English Diwan in Travancore
? The Secretariat System was introduced in
Travancore by Col. Munro.
? Col.Munro changed the Karyakkar position to
Tahsildar.
? The direct management of Devaswams by Govt
was introduced by Col. Monro.
IIIIIIIII IIIII
? Attingal Rebellion .......................... 1721
? Kulachal Battle ............................... 1741
? Kundara Proclamation .................... 1809
? Kurichyar Rebellion ....................... 1812
? Channar Lahala .............................. 1859
? Malayali Memorial (Travancore) ..... 1891
? Ezhava Memorial ............................ 1896
? Mopla Rebellion, Wagon Tragedy .. 1921
? V aikkom Satyagraha ....................... 1924
? Civil Disobedience Movement ........ 1930
? Guruvayoor Satyagraha .................. 1931
? Nivarthana Agitation ...................... 1932
? Temple Entry Proclamation ............. 1936
? State Congress Movement ............. 1938
? Kayyur Rebellion ........................... 1941
? Punnapra Vayalar Rebellion ............ 1946
? Formation of Kerala State ............... 1956
? Liberation Movement ..................... 1959
? In 1812 Rani Gauri Lakshmi Bai abolished slavery
in Travancore.
? The London Mission Society (LMS) at Nagercoil
established in 1816 under the patronage of Gauri
Parvati Bai.
? The reign of Swathi Thirunal (1829-1847) was the
Golden Age in the history of Travancore.
? Swathi Thirunal was known as ‘Garbhasreeman’
? Sucheendram Kaimukku was also abolished by
Swathi Thirunal.
? He shifted Hajoor Kachery from Quilon to
Trivandrum.
? He introduced English Education in Trivandrum.
? Sir C.P . Ramaswami Ayyar was the Diwan of Sri
Chitira Thirunal.
? An English School was opened at TVM in 1834
Raja’s Free School.
? Swathi Thirunal opened the Trivandrum Observa-
tory in 1836.
? He introduced the first charity hospital at TVM.
? He set up the Department of Engineering, Irriga-
tion and Maramathu Department for the first time.
? First census of the state was conducted in 1836 by
Swathi Thirunal.
? Utram Tirunal Marthanda V arma abolished all restric-
tions in regard to the covering of their upper parts by
a Channar women in South Travancore in 1859.
? First Post-Office in Travancore (also of Kerala) was
opened at Alleppey during the reign of Utram
Thirunal Marthanda V arma in 1857.
? First modern factory for the manufacture of coir
was also opened at Alleppey (1859) during the pe-
riod of Utram Thirunal Marthanda V arma.
? Beginning of Agrarian Reforms in Travancore was
during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal
? The Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865) and the
Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867) for agrarian
reforms were during the period of A yilyam Thirunal.
? Trivandrum Museum building and the main build-
ing of Trivandrum University College were con-
structed during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal.
? The first systematic census of Travancore was
taken on May 18, 1875 by Ayilyam Thirunal.
? Ayilyam Thirunal was also the first Raja of
Travancore to receive the title ‘Maharaja’ from the
British crown.
? Ayurveda College was started  during the period
of Sri Mulam Thirunal (1885-1924)
? Sri Mulam Tirunal formulated a Legislative Coun-
cil in 1888. This was the first Legislative Council
in an Indian State.
? The Sri Mulam Popular Assembly (Praja Sabha)
was formed in 1904 by Sri Mulam Thirunal.
? Devadasi System in the temples of South
Travancore was abolished during the regency of
Setu Lekshmi Bai.
? Sri Chitira Thirunal Balarama Varma (1931-
1949) was the  last ruling Raja of Travancore.
? Establishment of  Travancore University (1937) was
the  significant achievements of Sri Chitira
Thirunal.
? Travancore Rubber Works (Trivandrum) Kundara
Ceramic Factory , Punalur Plywood Factory and Fer-
tilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (Elur) were
started during the period of Sri Chithira Tirunal.
? The execution of the Pallivasal Hydroelectric
Scheme and the introduction of  State Transport
Services were also done by Sri Chithira Thirunal.
? A Public Service Commission was appointed in 1935
in order to ensure fair representation for all commu-
nities in appointments to Government service on
the basis of a system of communal rotation.
Malabar Rebellion
? The Malabar Rebellion was in 1921
? The attempted arrest of Vadakkeveetil
Muhammed, the Secretary of the Khilafat Commit-
tee at Pukottur in Eranadu Taluk, led to a series of
violent clashes between the police and the
Mappilas in the Eranadu and Valluvanadu Taluks.
? V ariyankunnathu Kunjahammad Haji, Koya Tangal
and Ali Musaliyar were the famous leaders of the
revolt.
? One of the tragic episodes of the rebellion was the
‘Wagon Tragedy’ in which 61 of 90 Mappilas car-
ried as prisoners in a closed railway goods wagon
from Tirur, to Coimbatore on November 10, 1921
died of suffocation.
Page 5


The Portuguese Period
? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator
to reach India by sea route.
? Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May
1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king
Manuel.
? Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine.
? Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the
invitation of  Kolathiri Raja.
? Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499.
? Gama’s second visit was in 1502.
? Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524
and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre-
mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin.
Later his  mortal remains were brought back to
Lisbon, Portugal.
? The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala
was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached
Cochin on 24 December, 1500.
? Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portu-
guese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD.
? Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the
Portuguese statesmen who came to the East.
? Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese.
? Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval com-
manders of Zamorin.
? Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali.
He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and
‘Lord of the Indian Seas’.
? In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin
and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa.
? Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St.
Gabriel.
? The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur
Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was con-
ducted by the Portuguese (1599)
? The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the ap-
pointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653.
? First European fort built in India was the Fort
Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque.
Zamorin in Calicut
The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750
yrs.  Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’.
According to historians, the period of
zamorins started in the year 346 AD.  The
Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to
Calicut during the period of Manavikraman
Samoothiri.
The first mention about the Zamorins is
in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta.  The Chief
Ministers  named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and
the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped
in the administration.  They had good trade
relations with the Arabs and the Chinese.  The
dynasty who ruled a province in India for the
longest period is the Zamorins.
Mamankam
Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the
festival celebrated on the banks of river
Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram
district) once in 12 years.
Initially it was conducted by
Valluvakonathiri.  Later the ‘Status of Protec-
tor’ was taken by the Zamorin.  The
‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by
Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’.
There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs
and athletic meets in association with this 28
day long festival.
During the last mamankam which was held
in 1776 A.D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the
Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power.
‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara,
Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were
associated with Mamamkam were still present
in Thirunavaya
The Dutch in Kerala
? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Eu-
rope to establish trade contacts with Kerala.
? The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602.
? Dutch Admiral Steven V an Der Hagen was the first
Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut)
? The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam,
Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam,
Cochin etc.
? They first of all entered into an alliance with the
Zamorin of Calicut.
? By the Treaty of V enad (1662), they established
their monopoly of pepper trade.
? Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and
beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way
for English Supremacy.
? They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala.
They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and
Baypin.
? The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked
Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch
Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer.
? Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is
the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It
was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van
Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda
Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and
Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti
Achuthan were associated with its compilation.
The work was published from Amsterdam (Hol-
land) between 1678 and 1703.
? They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744.
The Growth of British Power in
Kerala
? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps
Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer
Englishman’’(1583)
? The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with
three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his
embassy to the court of Jahangir.
? British merchants exported pepper to England for
the first time from Cochin in 1626.
? First English factory in Kerala was set up at
Vizhinjam.
? In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu
fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construc-
tion was started in 1684.
? The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It
was between the natives and the British traders.
140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives.
The event occured near Anjengo.
? Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt
against the English in Kerala.
? By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the En-
glish East India Company.
? By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore ac-
cepted the Supremacy of the Company.
? Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British
Resident in Travancore.
? The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu
Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political
freedom of Travancore.
Challenge to British Supremacy
? The more serious of the revolts against the British
in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family.
? Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 - 1797, second
revolt was in 1800-1805.
? Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue
policy of the British.
? The immediate cause of the second revolt was the
British move to take possession of Wayanadu
which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler
under the Partition Treaty following the fall of
Srirangapattanam in 1799.
‘Anchal’ System
The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and
Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word
‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’
which means messenger.  Government articles and let-
ters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people
from the time of Marthanda V arma.  This system was
modified in 959 K.E.(Kollam  era).  Later Col. Munro
introduced the ‘anchal system’ .
? Pazhassi Raja organised the guerilla warfare from
the Wynadu hills particularly from the Puralimala
with the help of Kurichyas and Kurumbas, the
tribals of Wynadu and Nairs.
? ‘‘Kerala Simham’ is a historical novel written by
Sardar K.M. Panicker about Pazhassi Raja. The
Malayalam film ‘Kerala Simham’ was directed by
Navodaya Appachan.
? On the 30th November 1805 the Raja was shot dead
by Thomas Harvey Baber, Subcollector of
Tellichery. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of
Wellington) was the Commander in Chief of the
British forces in Malabar.
? Pazhassi was killed on the banks of ‘Mavilathode’.
? Parankippadayali is also a novel written by K.M.
Panicker.
Revolt of Velu Thampi &
Paliath Achan
? VeluThampi was the Dalawa of Travancore
? Velu Thampi was appointed as Mulakumadiseela
Karyakkar (Commercial minister in 1799 by
Balaramavarma)
? In 1800 he became the Dalawa.
? Velu Thampi introduced travelling courts in
Travancore.
? On 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984) issued the
famous Kundara Proclamation indicting the Brit-
ish rule and exhorting the people to rally under his
banner for a patriotic struggle against the foreigners.
? He organised the Hajoor Kachery at Kollam.
? V elu Thampi committed suicide in the house of the
Potti of the Bhagavati temple at Mannadi.
? His relatives were deported to Maldives.
? The oldest male member of the Paliyam family was
the hereditary Diwan of Cochin Raja.
? Paliyat Achan revolted against the British in col-
laboration with V elu Thampi. But he was finally
defeated and deported to Madras. Cochin became
a subsidiary state of the British in 1809.
? The Kurichyas and Kurumbas of Wynad rose in
revolt against the British in 1812.
? Kurichya Revolt was the last of the early revolts
broke out in Malabar against the British supremacy .
Enlightened Administration in
Travancore
? After the death of Dharmaraja, Balarama Varma
came to the throne.
? He appointed V elu Thampi as his commerce minis-
ter and then the Dalawa.
? Ummini Thampi became the new Dalawa after  V elu
Thampi.
? The weaver’s township of Balaramapuram was cre-
ated by Ummini Thampi.
? Resident Col. Monro was appointed as the first
English Diwan in Travancore
? The Secretariat System was introduced in
Travancore by Col. Munro.
? Col.Munro changed the Karyakkar position to
Tahsildar.
? The direct management of Devaswams by Govt
was introduced by Col. Monro.
IIIIIIIII IIIII
? Attingal Rebellion .......................... 1721
? Kulachal Battle ............................... 1741
? Kundara Proclamation .................... 1809
? Kurichyar Rebellion ....................... 1812
? Channar Lahala .............................. 1859
? Malayali Memorial (Travancore) ..... 1891
? Ezhava Memorial ............................ 1896
? Mopla Rebellion, Wagon Tragedy .. 1921
? V aikkom Satyagraha ....................... 1924
? Civil Disobedience Movement ........ 1930
? Guruvayoor Satyagraha .................. 1931
? Nivarthana Agitation ...................... 1932
? Temple Entry Proclamation ............. 1936
? State Congress Movement ............. 1938
? Kayyur Rebellion ........................... 1941
? Punnapra Vayalar Rebellion ............ 1946
? Formation of Kerala State ............... 1956
? Liberation Movement ..................... 1959
? In 1812 Rani Gauri Lakshmi Bai abolished slavery
in Travancore.
? The London Mission Society (LMS) at Nagercoil
established in 1816 under the patronage of Gauri
Parvati Bai.
? The reign of Swathi Thirunal (1829-1847) was the
Golden Age in the history of Travancore.
? Swathi Thirunal was known as ‘Garbhasreeman’
? Sucheendram Kaimukku was also abolished by
Swathi Thirunal.
? He shifted Hajoor Kachery from Quilon to
Trivandrum.
? He introduced English Education in Trivandrum.
? Sir C.P . Ramaswami Ayyar was the Diwan of Sri
Chitira Thirunal.
? An English School was opened at TVM in 1834
Raja’s Free School.
? Swathi Thirunal opened the Trivandrum Observa-
tory in 1836.
? He introduced the first charity hospital at TVM.
? He set up the Department of Engineering, Irriga-
tion and Maramathu Department for the first time.
? First census of the state was conducted in 1836 by
Swathi Thirunal.
? Utram Tirunal Marthanda V arma abolished all restric-
tions in regard to the covering of their upper parts by
a Channar women in South Travancore in 1859.
? First Post-Office in Travancore (also of Kerala) was
opened at Alleppey during the reign of Utram
Thirunal Marthanda V arma in 1857.
? First modern factory for the manufacture of coir
was also opened at Alleppey (1859) during the pe-
riod of Utram Thirunal Marthanda V arma.
? Beginning of Agrarian Reforms in Travancore was
during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal
? The Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865) and the
Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867) for agrarian
reforms were during the period of A yilyam Thirunal.
? Trivandrum Museum building and the main build-
ing of Trivandrum University College were con-
structed during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal.
? The first systematic census of Travancore was
taken on May 18, 1875 by Ayilyam Thirunal.
? Ayilyam Thirunal was also the first Raja of
Travancore to receive the title ‘Maharaja’ from the
British crown.
? Ayurveda College was started  during the period
of Sri Mulam Thirunal (1885-1924)
? Sri Mulam Tirunal formulated a Legislative Coun-
cil in 1888. This was the first Legislative Council
in an Indian State.
? The Sri Mulam Popular Assembly (Praja Sabha)
was formed in 1904 by Sri Mulam Thirunal.
? Devadasi System in the temples of South
Travancore was abolished during the regency of
Setu Lekshmi Bai.
? Sri Chitira Thirunal Balarama Varma (1931-
1949) was the  last ruling Raja of Travancore.
? Establishment of  Travancore University (1937) was
the  significant achievements of Sri Chitira
Thirunal.
? Travancore Rubber Works (Trivandrum) Kundara
Ceramic Factory , Punalur Plywood Factory and Fer-
tilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (Elur) were
started during the period of Sri Chithira Tirunal.
? The execution of the Pallivasal Hydroelectric
Scheme and the introduction of  State Transport
Services were also done by Sri Chithira Thirunal.
? A Public Service Commission was appointed in 1935
in order to ensure fair representation for all commu-
nities in appointments to Government service on
the basis of a system of communal rotation.
Malabar Rebellion
? The Malabar Rebellion was in 1921
? The attempted arrest of Vadakkeveetil
Muhammed, the Secretary of the Khilafat Commit-
tee at Pukottur in Eranadu Taluk, led to a series of
violent clashes between the police and the
Mappilas in the Eranadu and Valluvanadu Taluks.
? V ariyankunnathu Kunjahammad Haji, Koya Tangal
and Ali Musaliyar were the famous leaders of the
revolt.
? One of the tragic episodes of the rebellion was the
‘Wagon Tragedy’ in which 61 of 90 Mappilas car-
ried as prisoners in a closed railway goods wagon
from Tirur, to Coimbatore on November 10, 1921
died of suffocation.
Political Movements in
Travancore and Cochin
? The Malayali Memorial was submitted to the  Ma-
haraja on January 1, 1891 against the appointment
of Tamil Brahmins in Government Service.
? The Malayali Memorial was signed by 10,028 per-
sons.
? The brain behind the Malayali Memorial was
Barister G .P .Pillai and K.P . Sankaramenon.
? The Ezhava Memorial was submitted on 3rd Sep-
tember 1896, signed by 13,176 members of the Ezhava
community under the leadership of Dr. Palpu.
? The Ezhava Memorial requested the Maharaja to
confer on the Ezhavas the same rights and privi-
leges which were being enjoyed by those of their
caste who had become converts to Christianity.
? Swadeshabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai was the
first to write the biography of KarlMarx in
Malayalam.
? K. Ramakrishna Pillai, the editor of the ‘‘Swadesha
bhimani’’ owned by V akkom Abdul Khadir Maulavi
published a series of articles criticising the Diwan
P . Rajagopalachari and the king Sri Mulam Thirunal.
? K. Ramakrishna Pillai was deported from the State
in September 1910, he died at Cannanore in April
1916.
? The objective of the Poura Samatvavada
Prakshobhanam was the achievement of civic
rights.
? The agitation was carried on by the Avarnas of the
Hindu community, the Muslims and the Christians
as they were denied appointments to the Land Rev-
enue Department.
? Indian National Congress started its activities in
Travancore during the reign of Sri Mulam Thirunal.
? The agitation known as Nivarthana (Abstention)
Movement was started as a protest against the con-
stitutional reforms of 1932.
? The Travancore State Congress was formed in Sep-
tember 1938.
? Pattom Thanu Pillai was the first President of
Travancore State Congress.
? The September 1946 there occurred the Punnapra
V ayalar Upheaval against the ‘American Model’ ir-
removable executive.
? The American Model was proposed by Sir C. P .
Ramaswami Ayyar.
? The‘‘Electricity Agitation’’ was organised against
the privatisation of electric supply in Cochin town
by Diwan R.K. Shanmukham Chetti (1936).
? E. Ikkanda Warrier of Congress became the first
Chief Minister of Cochin. During his tenure the
new state of Travancore - Cochin came into exist-
ence on 1 July 1949.
? First popular ministry of Travancore headed by
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai was installed in office on
March 24, 1948.
Aikya Kerala Movement
? The State Peoples Conference held at Ernakulam
(1928) was the earliest resolution on the subject of
united Kerala.
? The Payyannur Political Conference held in May
1928 under the Presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru also
supported the Aikya Kerala Movement.
? An Aikya Kerala Conference was held at Trichur
in April 1947 under the presidentship of K.
Kelappan.
? The Cochin Maharaja Sri Kerala V arma proposed
the idea of uniting Cochin and Travancore.
? On July 1, 1949 the State of Travancore Cochin
came into existence. The Maharaja of Travancore
became the Rajapramukh of the New State.
? Panampalli Govinda Menon was the last Chief Min-
ister of Travancore Cochin State. The fall of his
ministry was followed by the first spell of
President’s Rule  in Kerala.
? The first popular ministry in Travancore Cochin
was headed by T.K. Narayana Pillai, the Chief Min-
ister of Travancore, at the time of the integration.
? The state of Kerala formally came into existence or
November 1, 1956.
? The first general elections to the Kerala state Legis-
lature were held in February and March 1957.
? Communist Ministry under the chiefministership
of  E.M.S. Namboothiripad came to power.
? The agitation known as ‘‘Vimochana Samaram’’
or ‘Liberation struggle’ began on June 12, 1959
under the leadership of  Mannathu Padmanabhan
to overthrow the Communist Ministry.