Class 9 Exam  >  Class 9 Notes  >  सामाजिक विज्ञान (कक्षा 9) - नोट्स, वीडियोस तथा सैंपल पेपर्स  >  NCERT पाठ - 1 फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति (कक्षा नवीं), सामाजिक विज्ञान

NCERT पाठ - 1 फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति (कक्षा नवीं), सामाजिक विज्ञान | सामाजिक विज्ञान (कक्षा 9) - नोट्स, वीडियोस तथा सैंपल पेपर्स - Class 9 PDF Download

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3
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
fp=k 1 & ckLrhy dk èoal-
ckLrhy èoal osQ ckn fp=kdkjksa us bl ?kVuk dh ;kn esa dbZ
fp=k cuk,A
pkSng tqykbZ 1789 dh lqcg] isfjl uxj esa vkrad dk ekgkSy FkkA lezkV
us lsuk dks 'kgj esa ?kqlus dk vkns'k ns fn;k FkkA vi
+
 Qokg Fkh fd og lsuk
dks ukxfjdksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykus dk vkns'k nsus okyk gSA yxHkx 7000 enZ
rFkk vkSjrsa VkWmu gkWy osQ lkeus ,d=k gq, vkSj mUgksaus ,d tu&lsuk dk
xBu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst esa os cgqr&ls ljdkjh
Hkouksa esa tcju izos'k dj x,A
varr% lSdM+ksa yksxksa dk ,d lewg isfjl uxj osQ iwohZ Hkkx dh vksj
py iM+k vkSj ckLrhy (Bastille) fdys dh tsy dks rksM+ Mkyk tgk¡ Hkkjh
ek=kk esa xksyk&ck:n feyus dh laHkkouk FkhA gfFk;kjksa ij dC”ks dh bl
l'kL=k yM+kbZ esa ckLrhy dk dekaMj ekjk x;k vkSj oSQnh NqM+k fy, x,]
;|fi mudh la[;k osQoy lkr FkhA lezkV dh fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa dk izrhd
gksus osQ dkj.k ckLrhy fdyk yksxksa dh ?k`.kk dk osaQnz FkkA blfy, fdys
dks <gk fn;k x;k vkSj mlosQ vo'ks"k ck”kkj esa mu yksxksa dks csp fn,
x, tks bl èoal dks crkSj Le`fr&fpÉ latksuk pkgrs FksA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dbZ fnuksa rd isfjl rFkk ns'k osQ nsgkrh {ks=kksa esa dbZ
vkSj la?k"kZ gq,A vfèkdka'k turk ikojksVh dh eg¡xh dherksa dk fojksèk dj
jgh FkhA ckn esa bl nkSj dk flagkoyksdu djrs gq, bfrgkldkjksa us bls ,d
yacs ?kVukØe dh ,slh 'kq#vkrh dfM+;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kk ftudh ifj.kfr
i+zQkal osQ lezkV dks iQk¡lh fn, tkus esa gqbZ] gky¡kfd ml le; vfèkdka'k yksxksa
dks ,sls urhts dh mEehn ugha FkhA ,slk D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk\
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
vè;k; 1
Page 2


3
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
fp=k 1 & ckLrhy dk èoal-
ckLrhy èoal osQ ckn fp=kdkjksa us bl ?kVuk dh ;kn esa dbZ
fp=k cuk,A
pkSng tqykbZ 1789 dh lqcg] isfjl uxj esa vkrad dk ekgkSy FkkA lezkV
us lsuk dks 'kgj esa ?kqlus dk vkns'k ns fn;k FkkA vi
+
 Qokg Fkh fd og lsuk
dks ukxfjdksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykus dk vkns'k nsus okyk gSA yxHkx 7000 enZ
rFkk vkSjrsa VkWmu gkWy osQ lkeus ,d=k gq, vkSj mUgksaus ,d tu&lsuk dk
xBu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst esa os cgqr&ls ljdkjh
Hkouksa esa tcju izos'k dj x,A
varr% lSdM+ksa yksxksa dk ,d lewg isfjl uxj osQ iwohZ Hkkx dh vksj
py iM+k vkSj ckLrhy (Bastille) fdys dh tsy dks rksM+ Mkyk tgk¡ Hkkjh
ek=kk esa xksyk&ck:n feyus dh laHkkouk FkhA gfFk;kjksa ij dC”ks dh bl
l'kL=k yM+kbZ esa ckLrhy dk dekaMj ekjk x;k vkSj oSQnh NqM+k fy, x,]
;|fi mudh la[;k osQoy lkr FkhA lezkV dh fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa dk izrhd
gksus osQ dkj.k ckLrhy fdyk yksxksa dh ?k`.kk dk osaQnz FkkA blfy, fdys
dks <gk fn;k x;k vkSj mlosQ vo'ks"k ck”kkj esa mu yksxksa dks csp fn,
x, tks bl èoal dks crkSj Le`fr&fpÉ latksuk pkgrs FksA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dbZ fnuksa rd isfjl rFkk ns'k osQ nsgkrh {ks=kksa esa dbZ
vkSj la?k"kZ gq,A vfèkdka'k turk ikojksVh dh eg¡xh dherksa dk fojksèk dj
jgh FkhA ckn esa bl nkSj dk flagkoyksdu djrs gq, bfrgkldkjksa us bls ,d
yacs ?kVukØe dh ,slh 'kq#vkrh dfM+;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kk ftudh ifj.kfr
i+zQkal osQ lezkV dks iQk¡lh fn, tkus esa gqbZ] gky¡kfd ml le; vfèkdka'k yksxksa
dks ,sls urhts dh mEehn ugha FkhA ,slk D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk\
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
vè;k; 1
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
lu~ 1774 esa cwcks± jktoa'k dk yqbZ XVI Úkal dh jktxíh ij vklhu gqvkA
ml le; mldh mez osQoy chl lky Fkh vkSj mldk fookg vkWfLVª;k
dh jktoqQekjh esjh ,Urks,usr ls gqvk FkkA jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; mlus
jktdks"k [kkyh ik;kA yacs le; rd pys ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k i+zQkal osQ foÙkh;
lalkèku u"V gks pqosQ FksA olkZ; (Versailles) osQ fo'kky egy vkSj
jktnjckj dh 'kkuks&'kkSdr cuk, j[kus dh fIkQ”kwy[kphZ dk cks> vyx ls
FkkA yqbZ XVI osQ 'kkludky esa i+zQkal us vesfjdk osQ 13 mifuos'kksa dks
lk>k 'k=kq fczVsu ls vk”kkn djkus esa lgk;rk nh FkhA bl ;q¼ osQ pyrs
iz+Qkal ij nl vjc fyozs ls Hkh vfèkd dk d”kZ vkSj tqM+ x;k tcfd ml
ij igys ls gh nks vjc fyosz dk cks> p<+k gqvk FkkA ljdkj ls d”kZnkrk
vc 10 izfr'kr C;kt dh ek¡x djus yxs FksA iQyLo:i i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
vius ctV dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk fnuksafnu c<+rs tk jgs d”kZ dks pqdkus ij
etcwj FkhA vius fu;fer [kpks± tSls] lsuk osQ j[k&j[kko] jktnjckj]
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks pykus osQ fy, i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
djksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ckè; gks xbZ ij ;g dne Hkh ukdkI
+
kQh FkkA
vBkjgoha lnh esa i+zQkalhlh lekt rhu ,LVsV~l esa c¡Vk Fkk vkSj osQoy
rhljs ,LVsV osQ yksx (tulkèkkj.k) gh dj vnk djrs FksA
oxks± esa foHkkftr i+zQkalhlh lekt eè;dkyhu lkearh O;oLFkk dk vax
FkkA ^izkphu jktra=k* in dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% lu~ 1789 ls igys osQ
i
+ 
 zQkalhlh lekt ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA
fp=k 2 i+zQkalhlh lekt dh oxZ&O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrk gSA iwjh vkcknh esa
yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fdlku FksA ysfdu] ”kehu osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dh
la[;k cgqr de FkhA yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ”kehu ij oqQyhuksa] ppZ vkSj
rhljs ,LVsV~l osQ vehjksa dk vfèkdkj FkkA izFke nks ,LVsV~l] oqQyhu oxZ
,oa iknjh oxZ osQ yksxksa dks oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj tUeuk izkIr FksA buesa ls
lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Fkk&&jkT; dks fn, tkus okys djksa ls NwVA
oqQyhu oxZ dks oqQN vU; lkearh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh gkfly FksA og fdlkuksa
ls lkearh dj olwy djrk FkkA fdlku vius Lokeh dh lsok&&Lokeh osQ
?kj ,oa [ksrksa esa dke djuk] lSU; lsok,¡ nsuk vFkok lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k esa
lg;ksx vkfn&&djus osQ fy, ckè; FksA
ppZ Hkh fdlkuksa ls djksa dk ,d fgLlk] Vkbn (Tithe, èkkfeZd dj)
osQ :i esa olwyrk FkkA mQij ls rhljs ,LVsV osQ reke yksxksa dks ljdkj
dks rks dj pqdkuk gh gksrk FkkA bu djksa esa Vkby (Taille, izR;{k dj)
vkSj vusd vizR;{k dj 'kkfey FksA vizR;{k dj ued vkSj rEckowQ tSlh
jks”kkuk miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj jkT; osQ foÙkh;
dkedkt dk lkjk cks> djksa osQ ekè;e ls turk ogu djrh FkhA
u, 'kCn
fyozs %iz+
Qkal dh eqnzk ftls 1794 esa lekIr
dj fn;k x;kA
,LVsV % Økafr&iwoZ Úkalhlh lekt esa lÙkk
vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r dks vfHkO;Dr djus
okyh Js.khA
iknjh oxZ % ppZ osQ fo'ks"k dk;ks± dks djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA
Vkbn%ppZ }kjk olwy fd;k tkus okyk
djA ;g dj Ñf"k mit osQ nlosa fgLls osQ
cjkcj gksrk FkkA
Vkby % lhèks jkT; dks vnk fd;k tkus okyk
djA
1  vBkjgoha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZ esa i+zQkalhlh lekt
iknjh oxZ
oqQyhu oxZ
fdlku vkSj dkjhxj
NksVs fdlku] Hkwfeghu
e”knwj] ukSdj
cM+s O;olk;h] O;kikjh] vnkyrh
deZpkjh] odhy vkfn
fp=k 2 & ,LVsV~l dk lekt -
è;ku nsa fd r`rh; ,LVsV esa oqQN yksx vehj gSa rks oqQN xjhc Hkh gSaA
izFke ,LVsV
r`rh; ,LVsV
f}rh; ,LVsV
Page 3


3
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
fp=k 1 & ckLrhy dk èoal-
ckLrhy èoal osQ ckn fp=kdkjksa us bl ?kVuk dh ;kn esa dbZ
fp=k cuk,A
pkSng tqykbZ 1789 dh lqcg] isfjl uxj esa vkrad dk ekgkSy FkkA lezkV
us lsuk dks 'kgj esa ?kqlus dk vkns'k ns fn;k FkkA vi
+
 Qokg Fkh fd og lsuk
dks ukxfjdksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykus dk vkns'k nsus okyk gSA yxHkx 7000 enZ
rFkk vkSjrsa VkWmu gkWy osQ lkeus ,d=k gq, vkSj mUgksaus ,d tu&lsuk dk
xBu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst esa os cgqr&ls ljdkjh
Hkouksa esa tcju izos'k dj x,A
varr% lSdM+ksa yksxksa dk ,d lewg isfjl uxj osQ iwohZ Hkkx dh vksj
py iM+k vkSj ckLrhy (Bastille) fdys dh tsy dks rksM+ Mkyk tgk¡ Hkkjh
ek=kk esa xksyk&ck:n feyus dh laHkkouk FkhA gfFk;kjksa ij dC”ks dh bl
l'kL=k yM+kbZ esa ckLrhy dk dekaMj ekjk x;k vkSj oSQnh NqM+k fy, x,]
;|fi mudh la[;k osQoy lkr FkhA lezkV dh fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa dk izrhd
gksus osQ dkj.k ckLrhy fdyk yksxksa dh ?k`.kk dk osaQnz FkkA blfy, fdys
dks <gk fn;k x;k vkSj mlosQ vo'ks"k ck”kkj esa mu yksxksa dks csp fn,
x, tks bl èoal dks crkSj Le`fr&fpÉ latksuk pkgrs FksA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dbZ fnuksa rd isfjl rFkk ns'k osQ nsgkrh {ks=kksa esa dbZ
vkSj la?k"kZ gq,A vfèkdka'k turk ikojksVh dh eg¡xh dherksa dk fojksèk dj
jgh FkhA ckn esa bl nkSj dk flagkoyksdu djrs gq, bfrgkldkjksa us bls ,d
yacs ?kVukØe dh ,slh 'kq#vkrh dfM+;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kk ftudh ifj.kfr
i+zQkal osQ lezkV dks iQk¡lh fn, tkus esa gqbZ] gky¡kfd ml le; vfèkdka'k yksxksa
dks ,sls urhts dh mEehn ugha FkhA ,slk D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk\
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
vè;k; 1
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
lu~ 1774 esa cwcks± jktoa'k dk yqbZ XVI Úkal dh jktxíh ij vklhu gqvkA
ml le; mldh mez osQoy chl lky Fkh vkSj mldk fookg vkWfLVª;k
dh jktoqQekjh esjh ,Urks,usr ls gqvk FkkA jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; mlus
jktdks"k [kkyh ik;kA yacs le; rd pys ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k i+zQkal osQ foÙkh;
lalkèku u"V gks pqosQ FksA olkZ; (Versailles) osQ fo'kky egy vkSj
jktnjckj dh 'kkuks&'kkSdr cuk, j[kus dh fIkQ”kwy[kphZ dk cks> vyx ls
FkkA yqbZ XVI osQ 'kkludky esa i+zQkal us vesfjdk osQ 13 mifuos'kksa dks
lk>k 'k=kq fczVsu ls vk”kkn djkus esa lgk;rk nh FkhA bl ;q¼ osQ pyrs
iz+Qkal ij nl vjc fyozs ls Hkh vfèkd dk d”kZ vkSj tqM+ x;k tcfd ml
ij igys ls gh nks vjc fyosz dk cks> p<+k gqvk FkkA ljdkj ls d”kZnkrk
vc 10 izfr'kr C;kt dh ek¡x djus yxs FksA iQyLo:i i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
vius ctV dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk fnuksafnu c<+rs tk jgs d”kZ dks pqdkus ij
etcwj FkhA vius fu;fer [kpks± tSls] lsuk osQ j[k&j[kko] jktnjckj]
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks pykus osQ fy, i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
djksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ckè; gks xbZ ij ;g dne Hkh ukdkI
+
kQh FkkA
vBkjgoha lnh esa i+zQkalhlh lekt rhu ,LVsV~l esa c¡Vk Fkk vkSj osQoy
rhljs ,LVsV osQ yksx (tulkèkkj.k) gh dj vnk djrs FksA
oxks± esa foHkkftr i+zQkalhlh lekt eè;dkyhu lkearh O;oLFkk dk vax
FkkA ^izkphu jktra=k* in dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% lu~ 1789 ls igys osQ
i
+ 
 zQkalhlh lekt ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA
fp=k 2 i+zQkalhlh lekt dh oxZ&O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrk gSA iwjh vkcknh esa
yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fdlku FksA ysfdu] ”kehu osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dh
la[;k cgqr de FkhA yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ”kehu ij oqQyhuksa] ppZ vkSj
rhljs ,LVsV~l osQ vehjksa dk vfèkdkj FkkA izFke nks ,LVsV~l] oqQyhu oxZ
,oa iknjh oxZ osQ yksxksa dks oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj tUeuk izkIr FksA buesa ls
lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Fkk&&jkT; dks fn, tkus okys djksa ls NwVA
oqQyhu oxZ dks oqQN vU; lkearh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh gkfly FksA og fdlkuksa
ls lkearh dj olwy djrk FkkA fdlku vius Lokeh dh lsok&&Lokeh osQ
?kj ,oa [ksrksa esa dke djuk] lSU; lsok,¡ nsuk vFkok lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k esa
lg;ksx vkfn&&djus osQ fy, ckè; FksA
ppZ Hkh fdlkuksa ls djksa dk ,d fgLlk] Vkbn (Tithe, èkkfeZd dj)
osQ :i esa olwyrk FkkA mQij ls rhljs ,LVsV osQ reke yksxksa dks ljdkj
dks rks dj pqdkuk gh gksrk FkkA bu djksa esa Vkby (Taille, izR;{k dj)
vkSj vusd vizR;{k dj 'kkfey FksA vizR;{k dj ued vkSj rEckowQ tSlh
jks”kkuk miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj jkT; osQ foÙkh;
dkedkt dk lkjk cks> djksa osQ ekè;e ls turk ogu djrh FkhA
u, 'kCn
fyozs %iz+
Qkal dh eqnzk ftls 1794 esa lekIr
dj fn;k x;kA
,LVsV % Økafr&iwoZ Úkalhlh lekt esa lÙkk
vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r dks vfHkO;Dr djus
okyh Js.khA
iknjh oxZ % ppZ osQ fo'ks"k dk;ks± dks djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA
Vkbn%ppZ }kjk olwy fd;k tkus okyk
djA ;g dj Ñf"k mit osQ nlosa fgLls osQ
cjkcj gksrk FkkA
Vkby % lhèks jkT; dks vnk fd;k tkus okyk
djA
1  vBkjgoha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZ esa i+zQkalhlh lekt
iknjh oxZ
oqQyhu oxZ
fdlku vkSj dkjhxj
NksVs fdlku] Hkwfeghu
e”knwj] ukSdj
cM+s O;olk;h] O;kikjh] vnkyrh
deZpkjh] odhy vkfn
fp=k 2 & ,LVsV~l dk lekt -
è;ku nsa fd r`rh; ,LVsV esa oqQN yksx vehj gSa rks oqQN xjhc Hkh gSaA
izFke ,LVsV
r`rh; ,LVsV
f}rh; ,LVsV
5
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
^cspkjk Xkjhc vukt] iQy] iSlk] lykn lc oqQN
ykrk gSA eksVw ”kehankj lc oqQN Lohdkj djus dkss
rS;kj cSBk gSA ij og mldks ,d u”kj ns[krk rd
ughaA*
^oqQyhu O;fDr edM+k gS vkSj fdlku
eD[khA*
crk,¡ fd fp=kdkj us oqQyhu O;fDr dks edM+s vkSj
fdlku dks eD[kh osQ :i esa D;ksa fpf=kr fd;k gSA
fp=k 3 & edM+k vkSj eD[kh -
,d vuke mRdh.kZ fp=kA
^'kSrku dks ftruk nks] mldk ykyp mruk gh c<+rk tkrk gSA*
fØ;kdyki
1-1 thus dk la?k"kZ
i+zQkal dh tula[;k lu~ 1715 esa 2-3 djksM+ Fkh tks lu~ 1789 esa
c<+dj 2-8 djksM+ gks xbZA ifj.kker% vukt mRiknu dh rqyuk esa mldh
ek¡x dkI
+
kQh rs”kh ls c<+hA vfèkdka'k yksxksa osQ eq[; [kk|&ikojksVh&dh
dher esa rs”kh ls o`f¼ gqbZA vfèkdrj dkexkj dkj[kkuksa esa e”knwjh djrs
Fks vkSj mudh e”knwjh ekfyd r; djrs FksA ysfdu e”knwjh eg¡xkbZ dh nj
ls ugha c<+ jgh FkhA iQyLo:i] vehj&xjhc dh [kkbZ pkSM+h gksrh xbZA
fLFkfr;k¡ rc vkSj cnrj gks tkrha tc lw[ks ;k vksys osQ izdksi ls iSnkokj
fxj tkrhA blls jks”kh&jksVh dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk FkkA ,sls thfodk
ladV izkphu jktra=k osQ nkSjku i+zQkal esa dkI
+
kQh vke FksA
u, 'kCn
thfodk ladV % ,slh pje fLFkfr tc thfor
jgus osQ U;wure lkèku Hkh [krjs esa iM+us
yxrs gSaA
vuke %ftldk uke ekywe ugha gSA
Page 4


3
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
fp=k 1 & ckLrhy dk èoal-
ckLrhy èoal osQ ckn fp=kdkjksa us bl ?kVuk dh ;kn esa dbZ
fp=k cuk,A
pkSng tqykbZ 1789 dh lqcg] isfjl uxj esa vkrad dk ekgkSy FkkA lezkV
us lsuk dks 'kgj esa ?kqlus dk vkns'k ns fn;k FkkA vi
+
 Qokg Fkh fd og lsuk
dks ukxfjdksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykus dk vkns'k nsus okyk gSA yxHkx 7000 enZ
rFkk vkSjrsa VkWmu gkWy osQ lkeus ,d=k gq, vkSj mUgksaus ,d tu&lsuk dk
xBu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst esa os cgqr&ls ljdkjh
Hkouksa esa tcju izos'k dj x,A
varr% lSdM+ksa yksxksa dk ,d lewg isfjl uxj osQ iwohZ Hkkx dh vksj
py iM+k vkSj ckLrhy (Bastille) fdys dh tsy dks rksM+ Mkyk tgk¡ Hkkjh
ek=kk esa xksyk&ck:n feyus dh laHkkouk FkhA gfFk;kjksa ij dC”ks dh bl
l'kL=k yM+kbZ esa ckLrhy dk dekaMj ekjk x;k vkSj oSQnh NqM+k fy, x,]
;|fi mudh la[;k osQoy lkr FkhA lezkV dh fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa dk izrhd
gksus osQ dkj.k ckLrhy fdyk yksxksa dh ?k`.kk dk osaQnz FkkA blfy, fdys
dks <gk fn;k x;k vkSj mlosQ vo'ks"k ck”kkj esa mu yksxksa dks csp fn,
x, tks bl èoal dks crkSj Le`fr&fpÉ latksuk pkgrs FksA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dbZ fnuksa rd isfjl rFkk ns'k osQ nsgkrh {ks=kksa esa dbZ
vkSj la?k"kZ gq,A vfèkdka'k turk ikojksVh dh eg¡xh dherksa dk fojksèk dj
jgh FkhA ckn esa bl nkSj dk flagkoyksdu djrs gq, bfrgkldkjksa us bls ,d
yacs ?kVukØe dh ,slh 'kq#vkrh dfM+;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kk ftudh ifj.kfr
i+zQkal osQ lezkV dks iQk¡lh fn, tkus esa gqbZ] gky¡kfd ml le; vfèkdka'k yksxksa
dks ,sls urhts dh mEehn ugha FkhA ,slk D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk\
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
vè;k; 1
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
lu~ 1774 esa cwcks± jktoa'k dk yqbZ XVI Úkal dh jktxíh ij vklhu gqvkA
ml le; mldh mez osQoy chl lky Fkh vkSj mldk fookg vkWfLVª;k
dh jktoqQekjh esjh ,Urks,usr ls gqvk FkkA jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; mlus
jktdks"k [kkyh ik;kA yacs le; rd pys ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k i+zQkal osQ foÙkh;
lalkèku u"V gks pqosQ FksA olkZ; (Versailles) osQ fo'kky egy vkSj
jktnjckj dh 'kkuks&'kkSdr cuk, j[kus dh fIkQ”kwy[kphZ dk cks> vyx ls
FkkA yqbZ XVI osQ 'kkludky esa i+zQkal us vesfjdk osQ 13 mifuos'kksa dks
lk>k 'k=kq fczVsu ls vk”kkn djkus esa lgk;rk nh FkhA bl ;q¼ osQ pyrs
iz+Qkal ij nl vjc fyozs ls Hkh vfèkd dk d”kZ vkSj tqM+ x;k tcfd ml
ij igys ls gh nks vjc fyosz dk cks> p<+k gqvk FkkA ljdkj ls d”kZnkrk
vc 10 izfr'kr C;kt dh ek¡x djus yxs FksA iQyLo:i i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
vius ctV dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk fnuksafnu c<+rs tk jgs d”kZ dks pqdkus ij
etcwj FkhA vius fu;fer [kpks± tSls] lsuk osQ j[k&j[kko] jktnjckj]
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks pykus osQ fy, i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
djksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ckè; gks xbZ ij ;g dne Hkh ukdkI
+
kQh FkkA
vBkjgoha lnh esa i+zQkalhlh lekt rhu ,LVsV~l esa c¡Vk Fkk vkSj osQoy
rhljs ,LVsV osQ yksx (tulkèkkj.k) gh dj vnk djrs FksA
oxks± esa foHkkftr i+zQkalhlh lekt eè;dkyhu lkearh O;oLFkk dk vax
FkkA ^izkphu jktra=k* in dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% lu~ 1789 ls igys osQ
i
+ 
 zQkalhlh lekt ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA
fp=k 2 i+zQkalhlh lekt dh oxZ&O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrk gSA iwjh vkcknh esa
yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fdlku FksA ysfdu] ”kehu osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dh
la[;k cgqr de FkhA yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ”kehu ij oqQyhuksa] ppZ vkSj
rhljs ,LVsV~l osQ vehjksa dk vfèkdkj FkkA izFke nks ,LVsV~l] oqQyhu oxZ
,oa iknjh oxZ osQ yksxksa dks oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj tUeuk izkIr FksA buesa ls
lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Fkk&&jkT; dks fn, tkus okys djksa ls NwVA
oqQyhu oxZ dks oqQN vU; lkearh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh gkfly FksA og fdlkuksa
ls lkearh dj olwy djrk FkkA fdlku vius Lokeh dh lsok&&Lokeh osQ
?kj ,oa [ksrksa esa dke djuk] lSU; lsok,¡ nsuk vFkok lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k esa
lg;ksx vkfn&&djus osQ fy, ckè; FksA
ppZ Hkh fdlkuksa ls djksa dk ,d fgLlk] Vkbn (Tithe, èkkfeZd dj)
osQ :i esa olwyrk FkkA mQij ls rhljs ,LVsV osQ reke yksxksa dks ljdkj
dks rks dj pqdkuk gh gksrk FkkA bu djksa esa Vkby (Taille, izR;{k dj)
vkSj vusd vizR;{k dj 'kkfey FksA vizR;{k dj ued vkSj rEckowQ tSlh
jks”kkuk miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj jkT; osQ foÙkh;
dkedkt dk lkjk cks> djksa osQ ekè;e ls turk ogu djrh FkhA
u, 'kCn
fyozs %iz+
Qkal dh eqnzk ftls 1794 esa lekIr
dj fn;k x;kA
,LVsV % Økafr&iwoZ Úkalhlh lekt esa lÙkk
vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r dks vfHkO;Dr djus
okyh Js.khA
iknjh oxZ % ppZ osQ fo'ks"k dk;ks± dks djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA
Vkbn%ppZ }kjk olwy fd;k tkus okyk
djA ;g dj Ñf"k mit osQ nlosa fgLls osQ
cjkcj gksrk FkkA
Vkby % lhèks jkT; dks vnk fd;k tkus okyk
djA
1  vBkjgoha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZ esa i+zQkalhlh lekt
iknjh oxZ
oqQyhu oxZ
fdlku vkSj dkjhxj
NksVs fdlku] Hkwfeghu
e”knwj] ukSdj
cM+s O;olk;h] O;kikjh] vnkyrh
deZpkjh] odhy vkfn
fp=k 2 & ,LVsV~l dk lekt -
è;ku nsa fd r`rh; ,LVsV esa oqQN yksx vehj gSa rks oqQN xjhc Hkh gSaA
izFke ,LVsV
r`rh; ,LVsV
f}rh; ,LVsV
5
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
^cspkjk Xkjhc vukt] iQy] iSlk] lykn lc oqQN
ykrk gSA eksVw ”kehankj lc oqQN Lohdkj djus dkss
rS;kj cSBk gSA ij og mldks ,d u”kj ns[krk rd
ughaA*
^oqQyhu O;fDr edM+k gS vkSj fdlku
eD[khA*
crk,¡ fd fp=kdkj us oqQyhu O;fDr dks edM+s vkSj
fdlku dks eD[kh osQ :i esa D;ksa fpf=kr fd;k gSA
fp=k 3 & edM+k vkSj eD[kh -
,d vuke mRdh.kZ fp=kA
^'kSrku dks ftruk nks] mldk ykyp mruk gh c<+rk tkrk gSA*
fØ;kdyki
1-1 thus dk la?k"kZ
i+zQkal dh tula[;k lu~ 1715 esa 2-3 djksM+ Fkh tks lu~ 1789 esa
c<+dj 2-8 djksM+ gks xbZA ifj.kker% vukt mRiknu dh rqyuk esa mldh
ek¡x dkI
+
kQh rs”kh ls c<+hA vfèkdka'k yksxksa osQ eq[; [kk|&ikojksVh&dh
dher esa rs”kh ls o`f¼ gqbZA vfèkdrj dkexkj dkj[kkuksa esa e”knwjh djrs
Fks vkSj mudh e”knwjh ekfyd r; djrs FksA ysfdu e”knwjh eg¡xkbZ dh nj
ls ugha c<+ jgh FkhA iQyLo:i] vehj&xjhc dh [kkbZ pkSM+h gksrh xbZA
fLFkfr;k¡ rc vkSj cnrj gks tkrha tc lw[ks ;k vksys osQ izdksi ls iSnkokj
fxj tkrhA blls jks”kh&jksVh dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk FkkA ,sls thfodk
ladV izkphu jktra=k osQ nkSjku i+zQkal esa dkI
+
kQh vke FksA
u, 'kCn
thfodk ladV % ,slh pje fLFkfr tc thfor
jgus osQ U;wure lkèku Hkh [krjs esa iM+us
yxrs gSaA
vuke %ftldk uke ekywe ugha gSA
6
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fØ;kdyki
1-2 thfodk dk ladV oSQls mRiUu gksrk gS
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj fp=k 4
osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa % [kk| naxs] vUukHkko]
e`rdksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼] [kk| inkFkks± dh
c<+rh dher] de”kksj 'kjhjA
1-3 mHkjrs eè; oxZ us fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQ var dh
dYiuk dh
igys Hkh dj c<+us ,oa vdky osQ le; fdlku vkSj dkexkj fonzksg dj
pqosQ FksA ijarq muosQ ikl lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa cqfu;knh
cnyko ykus osQ fy, lkèku ,oa dk;ZØe ugha FksA ;s f”kEesnkjh rhljs
,LVsV osQ mu lewgksa us mBkbZ tks le`¼ vkSj f'kf{kr gksdj u, fopkjksa osQ
laioZQ esa vk losQ FksA
vBkjgoha lnh esa ,d u, lkekftd lewg dk mn; gqvk ftls eè;
oxZ dgk x;k] ftlus iSQyrs leqnzikjh; O;kikj vkSj Åuh rFkk js'keh oL=kksa
osQ mRiknu osQ cy ij laifÙk vftZr dh FkhA Åuh vkSj js'keh diM+ksa dk
;k rks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk Fkk ;k lekt osQ le`¼ yksx mls [kjhn ysrs FksA
rhljs ,LVsV esa bu lkSnkxjksa ,oa fuekZrkvksa osQ vykok iz'kklfud lsok o
odhy tSls is'ksoj yksx Hkh 'kkfey FksA ;s lHkh i<+s&fy[ks Fks vkSj budk
ekuuk Fkk fd lekt osQ fdlh Hkh lewg osQ ikl tUeuk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj ugha
gksus pkfg,A fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh lkekftd gSfl;r dk vkèkkj mldh
;ksX;rk gh gksuh pkfg,A Lora=krk] leku fu;eksa rFkk leku voljksa osQ
fopkj ij vkèkkfjr lekt dh ;g ifjdYiuk tkWu ykWd vkSj ”;k¡ ”kkd
:lks tSls nk'kZfudksa us izLrqr dh FkhA vius Vw VªhVkb”ks”k vkWI
+
kQ xouZesaV esa
fp=k 4 & thfodk ladV dk pØ -
vc xjhc&xqjck
ikojksVh ugha
[kjhn ik,¡xs
[kjkc
I
+
kQly
egkekjh
Page 5


3
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
fp=k 1 & ckLrhy dk èoal-
ckLrhy èoal osQ ckn fp=kdkjksa us bl ?kVuk dh ;kn esa dbZ
fp=k cuk,A
pkSng tqykbZ 1789 dh lqcg] isfjl uxj esa vkrad dk ekgkSy FkkA lezkV
us lsuk dks 'kgj esa ?kqlus dk vkns'k ns fn;k FkkA vi
+
 Qokg Fkh fd og lsuk
dks ukxfjdksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykus dk vkns'k nsus okyk gSA yxHkx 7000 enZ
rFkk vkSjrsa VkWmu gkWy osQ lkeus ,d=k gq, vkSj mUgksaus ,d tu&lsuk dk
xBu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst esa os cgqr&ls ljdkjh
Hkouksa esa tcju izos'k dj x,A
varr% lSdM+ksa yksxksa dk ,d lewg isfjl uxj osQ iwohZ Hkkx dh vksj
py iM+k vkSj ckLrhy (Bastille) fdys dh tsy dks rksM+ Mkyk tgk¡ Hkkjh
ek=kk esa xksyk&ck:n feyus dh laHkkouk FkhA gfFk;kjksa ij dC”ks dh bl
l'kL=k yM+kbZ esa ckLrhy dk dekaMj ekjk x;k vkSj oSQnh NqM+k fy, x,]
;|fi mudh la[;k osQoy lkr FkhA lezkV dh fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa dk izrhd
gksus osQ dkj.k ckLrhy fdyk yksxksa dh ?k`.kk dk osaQnz FkkA blfy, fdys
dks <gk fn;k x;k vkSj mlosQ vo'ks"k ck”kkj esa mu yksxksa dks csp fn,
x, tks bl èoal dks crkSj Le`fr&fpÉ latksuk pkgrs FksA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dbZ fnuksa rd isfjl rFkk ns'k osQ nsgkrh {ks=kksa esa dbZ
vkSj la?k"kZ gq,A vfèkdka'k turk ikojksVh dh eg¡xh dherksa dk fojksèk dj
jgh FkhA ckn esa bl nkSj dk flagkoyksdu djrs gq, bfrgkldkjksa us bls ,d
yacs ?kVukØe dh ,slh 'kq#vkrh dfM+;ksa osQ :i esa ns[kk ftudh ifj.kfr
i+zQkal osQ lezkV dks iQk¡lh fn, tkus esa gqbZ] gky¡kfd ml le; vfèkdka'k yksxksa
dks ,sls urhts dh mEehn ugha FkhA ,slk D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk\
iz+Qkalhlh Økafr
vè;k; 1
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
lu~ 1774 esa cwcks± jktoa'k dk yqbZ XVI Úkal dh jktxíh ij vklhu gqvkA
ml le; mldh mez osQoy chl lky Fkh vkSj mldk fookg vkWfLVª;k
dh jktoqQekjh esjh ,Urks,usr ls gqvk FkkA jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; mlus
jktdks"k [kkyh ik;kA yacs le; rd pys ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.k i+zQkal osQ foÙkh;
lalkèku u"V gks pqosQ FksA olkZ; (Versailles) osQ fo'kky egy vkSj
jktnjckj dh 'kkuks&'kkSdr cuk, j[kus dh fIkQ”kwy[kphZ dk cks> vyx ls
FkkA yqbZ XVI osQ 'kkludky esa i+zQkal us vesfjdk osQ 13 mifuos'kksa dks
lk>k 'k=kq fczVsu ls vk”kkn djkus esa lgk;rk nh FkhA bl ;q¼ osQ pyrs
iz+Qkal ij nl vjc fyozs ls Hkh vfèkd dk d”kZ vkSj tqM+ x;k tcfd ml
ij igys ls gh nks vjc fyosz dk cks> p<+k gqvk FkkA ljdkj ls d”kZnkrk
vc 10 izfr'kr C;kt dh ek¡x djus yxs FksA iQyLo:i i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
vius ctV dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk fnuksafnu c<+rs tk jgs d”kZ dks pqdkus ij
etcwj FkhA vius fu;fer [kpks± tSls] lsuk osQ j[k&j[kko] jktnjckj]
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks pykus osQ fy, i+zQkalhlh ljdkj
djksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ckè; gks xbZ ij ;g dne Hkh ukdkI
+
kQh FkkA
vBkjgoha lnh esa i+zQkalhlh lekt rhu ,LVsV~l esa c¡Vk Fkk vkSj osQoy
rhljs ,LVsV osQ yksx (tulkèkkj.k) gh dj vnk djrs FksA
oxks± esa foHkkftr i+zQkalhlh lekt eè;dkyhu lkearh O;oLFkk dk vax
FkkA ^izkphu jktra=k* in dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% lu~ 1789 ls igys osQ
i
+ 
 zQkalhlh lekt ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA
fp=k 2 i+zQkalhlh lekt dh oxZ&O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrk gSA iwjh vkcknh esa
yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fdlku FksA ysfdu] ”kehu osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dh
la[;k cgqr de FkhA yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ”kehu ij oqQyhuksa] ppZ vkSj
rhljs ,LVsV~l osQ vehjksa dk vfèkdkj FkkA izFke nks ,LVsV~l] oqQyhu oxZ
,oa iknjh oxZ osQ yksxksa dks oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj tUeuk izkIr FksA buesa ls
lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Fkk&&jkT; dks fn, tkus okys djksa ls NwVA
oqQyhu oxZ dks oqQN vU; lkearh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh gkfly FksA og fdlkuksa
ls lkearh dj olwy djrk FkkA fdlku vius Lokeh dh lsok&&Lokeh osQ
?kj ,oa [ksrksa esa dke djuk] lSU; lsok,¡ nsuk vFkok lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k esa
lg;ksx vkfn&&djus osQ fy, ckè; FksA
ppZ Hkh fdlkuksa ls djksa dk ,d fgLlk] Vkbn (Tithe, èkkfeZd dj)
osQ :i esa olwyrk FkkA mQij ls rhljs ,LVsV osQ reke yksxksa dks ljdkj
dks rks dj pqdkuk gh gksrk FkkA bu djksa esa Vkby (Taille, izR;{k dj)
vkSj vusd vizR;{k dj 'kkfey FksA vizR;{k dj ued vkSj rEckowQ tSlh
jks”kkuk miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj jkT; osQ foÙkh;
dkedkt dk lkjk cks> djksa osQ ekè;e ls turk ogu djrh FkhA
u, 'kCn
fyozs %iz+
Qkal dh eqnzk ftls 1794 esa lekIr
dj fn;k x;kA
,LVsV % Økafr&iwoZ Úkalhlh lekt esa lÙkk
vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r dks vfHkO;Dr djus
okyh Js.khA
iknjh oxZ % ppZ osQ fo'ks"k dk;ks± dks djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA
Vkbn%ppZ }kjk olwy fd;k tkus okyk
djA ;g dj Ñf"k mit osQ nlosa fgLls osQ
cjkcj gksrk FkkA
Vkby % lhèks jkT; dks vnk fd;k tkus okyk
djA
1  vBkjgoha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZ esa i+zQkalhlh lekt
iknjh oxZ
oqQyhu oxZ
fdlku vkSj dkjhxj
NksVs fdlku] Hkwfeghu
e”knwj] ukSdj
cM+s O;olk;h] O;kikjh] vnkyrh
deZpkjh] odhy vkfn
fp=k 2 & ,LVsV~l dk lekt -
è;ku nsa fd r`rh; ,LVsV esa oqQN yksx vehj gSa rks oqQN xjhc Hkh gSaA
izFke ,LVsV
r`rh; ,LVsV
f}rh; ,LVsV
5
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
^cspkjk Xkjhc vukt] iQy] iSlk] lykn lc oqQN
ykrk gSA eksVw ”kehankj lc oqQN Lohdkj djus dkss
rS;kj cSBk gSA ij og mldks ,d u”kj ns[krk rd
ughaA*
^oqQyhu O;fDr edM+k gS vkSj fdlku
eD[khA*
crk,¡ fd fp=kdkj us oqQyhu O;fDr dks edM+s vkSj
fdlku dks eD[kh osQ :i esa D;ksa fpf=kr fd;k gSA
fp=k 3 & edM+k vkSj eD[kh -
,d vuke mRdh.kZ fp=kA
^'kSrku dks ftruk nks] mldk ykyp mruk gh c<+rk tkrk gSA*
fØ;kdyki
1-1 thus dk la?k"kZ
i+zQkal dh tula[;k lu~ 1715 esa 2-3 djksM+ Fkh tks lu~ 1789 esa
c<+dj 2-8 djksM+ gks xbZA ifj.kker% vukt mRiknu dh rqyuk esa mldh
ek¡x dkI
+
kQh rs”kh ls c<+hA vfèkdka'k yksxksa osQ eq[; [kk|&ikojksVh&dh
dher esa rs”kh ls o`f¼ gqbZA vfèkdrj dkexkj dkj[kkuksa esa e”knwjh djrs
Fks vkSj mudh e”knwjh ekfyd r; djrs FksA ysfdu e”knwjh eg¡xkbZ dh nj
ls ugha c<+ jgh FkhA iQyLo:i] vehj&xjhc dh [kkbZ pkSM+h gksrh xbZA
fLFkfr;k¡ rc vkSj cnrj gks tkrha tc lw[ks ;k vksys osQ izdksi ls iSnkokj
fxj tkrhA blls jks”kh&jksVh dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk FkkA ,sls thfodk
ladV izkphu jktra=k osQ nkSjku i+zQkal esa dkI
+
kQh vke FksA
u, 'kCn
thfodk ladV % ,slh pje fLFkfr tc thfor
jgus osQ U;wure lkèku Hkh [krjs esa iM+us
yxrs gSaA
vuke %ftldk uke ekywe ugha gSA
6
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fØ;kdyki
1-2 thfodk dk ladV oSQls mRiUu gksrk gS
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj fp=k 4
osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa % [kk| naxs] vUukHkko]
e`rdksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼] [kk| inkFkks± dh
c<+rh dher] de”kksj 'kjhjA
1-3 mHkjrs eè; oxZ us fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa osQ var dh
dYiuk dh
igys Hkh dj c<+us ,oa vdky osQ le; fdlku vkSj dkexkj fonzksg dj
pqosQ FksA ijarq muosQ ikl lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa cqfu;knh
cnyko ykus osQ fy, lkèku ,oa dk;ZØe ugha FksA ;s f”kEesnkjh rhljs
,LVsV osQ mu lewgksa us mBkbZ tks le`¼ vkSj f'kf{kr gksdj u, fopkjksa osQ
laioZQ esa vk losQ FksA
vBkjgoha lnh esa ,d u, lkekftd lewg dk mn; gqvk ftls eè;
oxZ dgk x;k] ftlus iSQyrs leqnzikjh; O;kikj vkSj Åuh rFkk js'keh oL=kksa
osQ mRiknu osQ cy ij laifÙk vftZr dh FkhA Åuh vkSj js'keh diM+ksa dk
;k rks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk Fkk ;k lekt osQ le`¼ yksx mls [kjhn ysrs FksA
rhljs ,LVsV esa bu lkSnkxjksa ,oa fuekZrkvksa osQ vykok iz'kklfud lsok o
odhy tSls is'ksoj yksx Hkh 'kkfey FksA ;s lHkh i<+s&fy[ks Fks vkSj budk
ekuuk Fkk fd lekt osQ fdlh Hkh lewg osQ ikl tUeuk fo'ks"kkfèkdkj ugha
gksus pkfg,A fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh lkekftd gSfl;r dk vkèkkj mldh
;ksX;rk gh gksuh pkfg,A Lora=krk] leku fu;eksa rFkk leku voljksa osQ
fopkj ij vkèkkfjr lekt dh ;g ifjdYiuk tkWu ykWd vkSj ”;k¡ ”kkd
:lks tSls nk'kZfudksa us izLrqr dh FkhA vius Vw VªhVkb”ks”k vkWI
+
kQ xouZesaV esa
fp=k 4 & thfodk ladV dk pØ -
vc xjhc&xqjck
ikojksVh ugha
[kjhn ik,¡xs
[kjkc
I
+
kQly
egkekjh
7
I+kzQkalhlh Økafr
Ïksr d
izkphu jktra=k esa gq, vuqHkoksa dk o`Ùkkar
1- vkxs pydj Økafrdkjh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gksus okys tkWtZ nkUru us viuh i<+kbZ iwjh gksus osQ ckn osQ le; dks ;kn
djrs gq, lu~ 1793 esa vius ,d fe=k dks fy[kk %
^eSa Iysfll osQ vkoklh; dkWyst esa FkkA ogk¡ eq>s dbZ egÙoiw.kZ yksxksa dk lkfUuè; feyk---A i<+kbZ iwjh gksus osQ ckn
csdkjh osQ fnuksa esa eSa ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa tqV x;kA isfjl osQ U;k;ky; esa ukSdjh feyuh vlaHko FkhA lsuk esa ukSdjh
dk fodYi Hkh esjs fy, ugha Fkk D;ksafd eSa u rks tUetkr oqQyhu Fkk vkSj u gh esjk dksbZ laj{kd FkkA ppZ Hkh eq>s
vkljk ugha ns ldkA eSa dksbZ vksgnk Hkh [kjhnus dh fLFkfr esa ugha Fkk D;ksafd esjh tsc esa ,d lw (i+zQkalhlh iSlk)
rd ugha FkkA iqjkus nksLrksa us Hkh eq¡g eksM+ fy;k FkkA --- O;oLFkk us gesa i<+k&fy[kk rks fn;k Fkk ysfdu gekjh izfrHkk
osQ bLrseky osQ volj miyCèk ugha djk, FksA*
2- vkFkZj ;ax uke osQ ,d vaxzs”k us lu~ 1787&1789 osQ nkSjku i+zQkal dh ;k=kk dh vkSj viuh ;k=kk dk foLr`r o`Ùkkar
fy[kkA bl o`Ùkkar esa mldh ;g fVIi.kh fnypLi gS %
^lsok&Vgy esa yxs vius xqykeksa] [kklrkSj ij muosQ lkFk cqjk O;ogkj djus okys dks irk gksuk pkfg, fd bl rjg
og viuh f”kanxh dks ,slh fLFkfr esa Mky jgk gS tks ml fLFkfr ls fcYoqQy fHkUu gksrh ftlesa mlus eqDr yksxksa dh
lsok,¡ yh gksrha vkSj muls csgrj crkZo djrkA tks vius ihfM+rksa dh djkg lqurs gq, Hkkst mM+kuk ilan djrs gSa mUgsa
naxs osQ nkSjku viuh csVh osQ vigj.k ;k csVs dk xyk jsr fn, tkus dk nq[kM+k ugha jksuk pkfg,A*
;gk¡ ;ax D;k lans'k nsus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSa\ ^xqykeksa* ls mudk D;k vk'k; gS\ og fdldh vkykspuk dj jgs gSa\
lu~ 1787 esa mUgsa fdu [krjksa dk vkHkkl gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki
ykWd us jktk osQ nSoh vkSj fujaoqQ'k vfèkdkjksa osQ fl¼kar dk [kaMu fd;k
FkkA :lks us blh fopkj dks vkxs c<+krs gq, turk vkSj mlosQ izfrfufèk;ksa
osQ chp ,d lkekftd vuqcaèk ij vkèkkfjr ljdkj dk izLrko j[kkA
ekWUrsLD;w us n fLifjV vkWI
+
kQ n ykW”k uked jpuk esa ljdkj osQ vanj
foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk osQ chp lÙkk foHkktu dh ckr
dghA tc la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa 13 mifuos'kksa us fczVsu ls [kqn dks
vk”kkn ?kksf"kr dj fn;k rks ogk¡ blh ekWMy dh ljdkj cuhA i+zQkal osQ
jktuhfrd fpardksa osQ fy, vesfjdh lafoèkku vkSj mlesa nh xbZ O;fDrxr
vfèkdkjksa dh xkjaVh izsj.kk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Ïksr FkhA
nk'kZfudksa osQ bu fopkjksa ij dkWI
+
kQh gkmlksa o lSykWu dh xksf"B;ksa esa
xekZxeZ cgl gqvk djrh vkSj iqLrdksa ,oa v[kckjksa osQ ekè;e ls budk
O;kid izpkj&izlkj gqvkA iqLrdksa ,oa v[kckjksa dks yksxksa osQ chp ”kksj ls
i<+k tkrk rkfd vui<+ Hkh mUgsa le> losaQA blh le; yqbZ XVI }kjk
jkT; osQ [kpks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fiQj ls dj yxk;s tkus dh [kcj
ls fo'ks"kkfèkdkj okyh O;oLFkk osQ fo#¼ xqLlk HkM+d mBkA
Ïksr
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FAQs on NCERT पाठ - 1 फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति (कक्षा नवीं), सामाजिक विज्ञान - सामाजिक विज्ञान (कक्षा 9) - नोट्स, वीडियोस तथा सैंपल पेपर्स - Class 9

1. What was the main cause of the French Revolution?
Ans. The main cause of the French Revolution was the economic and financial crisis faced by the French government, which was struggling to meet its expenses due to excessive borrowing and spending on wars. The French society was divided into three estates, where the first two estates enjoyed several privileges and exemptions from taxes, while the third estate had to bear the burden of heavy taxes and feudal dues.
2. Who were the leaders of the French Revolution?
Ans. The French Revolution had several leaders who played a significant role in bringing about social and political changes in France. Some of the prominent leaders were Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, and Louis de Saint-Just. These leaders were associated with different political factions and had different ideologies and approaches towards governance.
3. What were the major events of the French Revolution?
Ans. The French Revolution was marked by several significant events that brought about far-reaching changes in the French society and politics. Some of the major events were the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, the execution of King Louis XVI, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the establishment of the First French Republic. These events were characterized by mass uprisings, political upheavals, and violence.
4. How did the French Revolution impact the world?
Ans. The French Revolution had a profound impact on the world, as it inspired other countries to challenge the existing social and political order and demand reforms. The ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity that emerged during the French Revolution influenced the development of modern democracy and human rights. The French Revolution also marked a shift from the absolute monarchy to the republic, which became a model for other countries to emulate.
5. What was the role of women in the French Revolution?
Ans. Women played a significant role in the French Revolution, as they were actively involved in the political and social movements of the time. Women participated in the protests and demonstrations, organized political clubs, and demanded equal rights and opportunities. The women's march to Versailles in 1789 was a turning point in the French Revolution, as it forced the king to move to Paris and accept some of the demands of the people. However, women's rights were not fully recognized during the Revolution, and they continued to face discrimination and exclusion from political power.
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