Health and Diseases NCERT Solutions | Health and Physical Education for Class 9 PDF Download

Answer the following Questions

Q.1. How can we prevent indirect transmission of communicable diseases?

Indirect transmission of communicable diseases happens in the following ways that are popularly known as ‘5Fs’— flies, fingers, fomites, food and fluid. To prevent this kind of diseases we need to maintain Personal hygiene, Food and water hygiene, Environmental sanitation.
For example: We need maintain the personal hygiene by washing our hands before touching food or water and before eating or drinking. We should not share articles that are of personal use such as towels, soaps, tooth brushes, combs, razors and other toiletries. To maintain the food hygiene, we need to keep all food articles covered to prevent contamination by flies. For the environmental sanitation, we should check regularly the places where water is collected and has the possibilities of mosquito breeding. Spray insecticide to prevent breeding of mosquitoes. To prevent water related indirect transmission communicable diseases we need to prevent contamination of drinking water and the container of drinking water must be kept at a clean and safe place. In that way we can prevent indirect transmission of communicable diseases.

Q.2. What steps are required at the individual and society level to prevent communicable diseases?

These are the following steps which are required at the individual and society level to prevent communicable diseases:

• Personal hygiene
• Food and water hygiene
• Environmental sanitation
• Environmental sanitation
• Isolation of patients with communicable diseases
• Education and awareness

Q.3. List major risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

(a) Behavioural risk factor such as Unhealthy Diet, Physical Inactivity, Tobacco Use, Alcohol Use, Stress etc.
(b) Blood Pressure
(c) Blood Glucose
(d) Cholesterol
(e) Weight Loss

Q.4. Why are young people suffering from heart diseases now-a-days? Give reasons. Can you suggest some ways to prevent these?

Young people are suffering from heart diseases now-a-days because of their unhealthy lifestyle like unhealthy Diet, physical Inactivity, tobacco Use, alcohol Use, lack of sleep etc. leads them towards heart diseases.
This can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle right from childhood and continue it throughout life. For that we need to maintain the following ways:

• Healthy diet/Balanced diet: Eating a balanced diet helps in the prevention of obesity and other lifestyle diseases. The balanced diet includes fruits and vegetables, preferably locally available and seasonal, wholegrain products, milk and milk products.
• Adequate sleep: Inadequate sleep leads to changes in blood pressure, increase in stress level and disturbance of what is called the biological clock.
• Regular exercise: People who undertake physical exercise and yoga activites daily keep themselves physically fit, feel happy and do not put on excess weight.
• Mental relaxation: Mental relaxation is very important but stress adversely affect that. Meditation, relaxation, exercises and other yoga activities help reduce stress. Those who are suffering from stress, anxiety, they can engage themselves in hobbies like drawing, painting, listening to music and so on as relaxation techniques when under any type of stress. All these have positive impact that reduce anxiety and depression and prevent diabetes, hypertension and heart attacks.

Q.5. The obesity among children and adolescents is becoming a major cause of concern for the parents and health personnel. What can be done to prevent overweight and obesity?

To prevent overweight and obesity the following measures can help:

• Avoid junk foods and take healthy diet: By avoiding fast foods, cake, pastries etc can prevent to gain extra weight and need to take the balanced diet which includes fresh fruits and vegetables instead of packaged and canned food items.
• Exercise: Physical exercise and yoga activities keep children physically fit and these activities help them to maintain their weight.

Q.6. Why are adolescents more vulnerable to HIV infection? Give reasons.

• While sexual route is the most common in transmitting HIV as stated earlier, it is very alarming to note that more than 50 per cent new cases are occurring in India among the adolescents and youth.
• During the process of growing up, important physical, physiological, psychological and social developments take place among adolescents.
• They are attracted towards opposite sex or same sex, do experiments and are curious about many such feelings.
• They act under peer pressure very often, which sometimes is the driving force behind unsafe experiments like drug abuse or unsafe sex.
• It is equally important to avoid drug abuse especially through needle–sharing.
• A knowledge–based choice and decision towards sexual behaviour can prevent many future complications including emotional turmoil, unwanted pregnancy and diseases like STIs, HIV and AIDS.
• Thus, adopting a responsible sexual behaviour go a long way in protecting oneself from the menace of HIV and facilitate to live a healthy, happy and a productive life.

Q.7. List some ways in which you can manage your anxiety and stress.

Here is the list of following ways in which I can manage my anxiety and stress:

• Meditation
• Relaxation
• Exercises
• Yoga activities
• Listening to music

Q.8. Why do you need to make exercises an integral part of your life style? How can you do it?

Exercise need to be integral part of life style because physical exercise helps to keep myself physically fit, happy and also I’ll not gain excess weight.
I can do it by spot jogging at home or simple walking, climbing stairs, skipping etc for 20-30 mins everyday.

Q.9. Prepare a table as shown below showing communicable diseases, ways of it is transmission and its prevention and control.

Q.10. Prepare two slogans each for generating awareness about prevention of HIV among your peer group and community.

Some of the ways to prevent HIV:

• Having protected sex (i.e. using a condom) even if one knows the person well.
• Not having many sexual partners.
• Not sharing syringes or needles while injecting drugs.
• Blood transfusion with blood that is certified as HIV free.
• The instruments used for ear piercing, acupuncture, etc. procedures must be sterilised before use.

Few slogans which we can use for generating awareness about prevention of HIV are: 

• Prevention is better than cure; especially when there is no cure for that disease.
• Hate the disease, but not the diseased.
• Are a few minutes of unprotected thrills, worth a lifetime of pills?
• Protection is necessary every time.