NCERT Solutions - How, When and Where Class 8 Notes | EduRev

Let’s Recall

Q1. State whether true or false:
(a) James Mill divided Indian History into three periods- Hindu, Muslim, and Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Ans:
(a) False, James Mill divided history on the basis of the religion of the rulers of the times.
So, he divided Indian history into three periods:
(i) Hindu
(ii) Muslim
(iii) British

(b) False, Official documents tell us only about what officials thought, what they were interested in, and what they wished to preserve for posterity.

(c) True, The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered.

Let's Discuss

Q2. What is the problem with the periodization of Indian History that James Mill offers?
Ans: James Mill divided his book into three periods, namely: Hindu, Muslim, and British. According to his prejudiced version of Indian history, British rule represents all the forces of progress and civilization, while the period before British rule represents darkness, ignorance, despotism, religious intolerance, caste taboos, superstitious practices, etc.
The view of Mill has several problems which are not acceptable due to reasons:

• A variety of faiths, apart from Hinduism and Islam, existed in the periods categorized as Hindu and Muslim by Mill.
• All rulers in ancient India did not share the same faith.
• It is this country from where two other religions like- Buddhism and Jainism developed and spread to other parts of the world while the Hindu religion also existed.

Q3. Why did the British preserve official documents?
Ans:

• The British preserved the important official documents because these served as records of what the officials thought, what they were interested in, and what they wished for.
  British Official Documents
• According to the British, the writing was more important than speaking as the documents in archives and museums can be utilized for reference at a much later period whenever required for studying or debating.
• These can also serve as information or proof of any decision or action taken earlier on some matter.

Q4. How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Ans: 

• Information is essential for writing the history of a time which can be gathered from various sources. Apart from official documents in the archives, historians gather information also from old newspapers, diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims, autobiographies of important personalities and booklets, etc.
• Information found in newspapers is varied, based on incidents that have happened across the country whereas; the police reports are limited and localized.
  Because of this fact sometimes the information historians get from police reports is not as useful as it is from old newspapers.
• However, for any incident, the newspaper may not quote all the reasons behind this and biased as per the thinking of the reporter while in police records we could find some evidence for an incident and unbiased reports.