How, When & Where Summary Class 8 NCERT Summary Chapter 1

How Important are Dates?

• Earlier, history was synonymous with dates.
• History is about finding out how things were in the past and how things have changed.
• Previously, history was an account of battles and big events such as:
  • The year a king was crowned.
  • The year he was married and had a child.
  • The year he fought a particular war or battle.
  • The year he died.
  • The year the next ruler succeeded to the throne.
• Now, historians look more towards why and how things happen and not on when things happened.

Which dates?

• The dates we select become vital because we focus on a particular set of events as important.
• If the focus of study changes, a new set of dates will appear significant.

How do we periodise?

• We divide history into different periods in an attempt to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us.

British classification of Indian History

• In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, in his book 'A History of British India' divided Indian history into three periods:
  • Hindu
  • Muslim
  • British
• According to Mill, all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.

Another Classification of Indian history

This division too has its problems.

• This periodisation is borrowed from the West where the modern period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity – science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality.
• Medieval was a term used to describe a society where these features of modern society did not exist.

• People did not have equality, freedom or liberty.
• No economic growth and progress took place

What is colonial?

• The British came to conquer the country and establish their rule, subjugating local nawabs and rajas.
• British established control over the economy and society, collected revenue to meet all their expenses, bought the goods they wanted at low prices, produced crops they needed for export
• British rule brought about in values and tastes, customs and practices.
• When the subjugation of one country by another leads to these kinds of political, economic, social and cultural changes, we refer to the process as colonisation.

Administration produces records

• The official records of the British administration are one of the important sources.
• Every instruction, plan, policy decision, agreement, investigation was written as British believed that the act of writing was important.
• British set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions as they felt that all important documents and letters needed to be carefully preserved.

Surveys become important

• The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered, therefore, practice of surveying became common under the colonial administration.
• By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country.
• In the villages, revenue surveys were conducted to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, and the cropping pattern.
• From the end of the nineteenth century, Census operations were held every ten years which provide detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation.
• Other surveys such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys also done.

What official records do not tell

• Official records do not tell what other people in the country felt, and what lay behind their actions.
• We need to look these things in unofficial records which are more difficult to get than official records.
• Sources of Unofficial records:
  • Diaries of people
  • Accounts of pilgrims and travellers
  • Autobiographies of important personalities
  • Popular booklets in the local bazaars
  • Newspapers
  • Written ideas of  Leaders and reformers
  • Written records of poets and novelists.

Limitation of Unofficial records

• They were produced by those who were literate.
• From there, we can't understand how history was experienced and lived by the tribals and the peasants, the workers in the mines or the poor on the streets.