Page 1
5.1 IntroductIon
We use the term training in various contexts. We talk of training
of teachers, administrators, police and army personnel, medical
and paramedical functionaries including, working in non-
governmental organisations and volunteers engaged in various
events. In these contexts, by training we mean, an organised
and systematic instructional process which aims at improving
an individuals’ ability to play their assigned roles effectively and
meaningfully. However, this kind of understanding of the term
training cannot be applied to the concept of sports training.
The term sports training is specifically used in the context of
athletics, sports and games which could be a training of sports
persons, coaches and teachers of physical education. It is
also used by scientists and experts who belong to the field of
sports science and medicine, sports bio-mechanics, exercise
physiology, sports psychology and other fields like yoga and
science movement. But even in these contexts, the concept
of sports training is understood differently. In this chapter,
therefore, we shall learn the meaning of sports training, its aims,
characteristics and principles and also about sports skills.
5.2 SportS t raInIng : MeanIng
Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports
persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and
maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports
activities. It is a particular type of training designed to improve
fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. It includes
strength in training, corrective and restorative exercises,
conditioning and cardiovascular training. It also includes mental
and psychological training and advise on nutritional values.
5.3 p erfor Mance d evelop Ment t hrough Sport S t ra In Ing Sports training is especially focused on optimal performance in
a particular sport. Its main aim is to develop the performance
capacity of sports persons, so that they achieve the highest
possible performance. To do so, it is essential to be mentally
strong. The ability to manage stress and anxiety associated
with different sports need to be strengthened. Competition in
sports makes the participants face varied situations which
require the individuals to be mentally fit.
Sports Training
Box 5.1
Purpose of sports
training is to
achieve optimal
level performance
in a particular
game and sport.
5
Page 2
5.1 IntroductIon
We use the term training in various contexts. We talk of training
of teachers, administrators, police and army personnel, medical
and paramedical functionaries including, working in non-
governmental organisations and volunteers engaged in various
events. In these contexts, by training we mean, an organised
and systematic instructional process which aims at improving
an individuals’ ability to play their assigned roles effectively and
meaningfully. However, this kind of understanding of the term
training cannot be applied to the concept of sports training.
The term sports training is specifically used in the context of
athletics, sports and games which could be a training of sports
persons, coaches and teachers of physical education. It is
also used by scientists and experts who belong to the field of
sports science and medicine, sports bio-mechanics, exercise
physiology, sports psychology and other fields like yoga and
science movement. But even in these contexts, the concept
of sports training is understood differently. In this chapter,
therefore, we shall learn the meaning of sports training, its aims,
characteristics and principles and also about sports skills.
5.2 SportS t raInIng : MeanIng
Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports
persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and
maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports
activities. It is a particular type of training designed to improve
fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. It includes
strength in training, corrective and restorative exercises,
conditioning and cardiovascular training. It also includes mental
and psychological training and advise on nutritional values.
5.3 p erfor Mance d evelop Ment t hrough Sport S t ra In Ing Sports training is especially focused on optimal performance in
a particular sport. Its main aim is to develop the performance
capacity of sports persons, so that they achieve the highest
possible performance. To do so, it is essential to be mentally
strong. The ability to manage stress and anxiety associated
with different sports need to be strengthened. Competition in
sports makes the participants face varied situations which
require the individuals to be mentally fit.
Sports Training
Box 5.1
Purpose of sports
training is to
achieve optimal
level performance
in a particular
game and sport.
5
Sports Training
5.4 o BjectIveS of SportS t raInIng
The main objectives of sports training are as follows.
1. Improvement of physical fitness: The performance
in sports generally depends upon physical fitness of a
sports person. Every sport activity needs specific type of
physical fitness, and hence, the improvement of various
components of physical and skills related fitness like
strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility
is an important aim and objective of sports training.
2. Acquisition of sports skills: This includes motors skills
as well as basic movement skills. Fundamental motor
skills are prerequisites to the learning of sport-specific
skills. Every sports activity requires to observe certain
specific movement procedure to tackle a particular task.
This movement procedure is known as technique and
when this technique is learnt and perfected, it leads to
skill development. Whenever sports persons include in
technical training, they focus on acquisition of motor
skills relevant to a particular sport. Fundamental motor
skills such as hopping, jumping, skipping, kicking,
throwing, catching and striking are prerequisites to the
learning of sport specific skills of basketball, football,
gymnastics, tennis, cricket, badminton etc.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency: Tactical training
is designed to improve various strategies and is based
upon analysis of the tactics of opponents. Specific
training in sports helps the sports persons to make
the best use of their abilities and techniques so that
the chances of success in competition are increased.
The training develops three kinds of tactics: offensive,
defensive and high performance tactics. Tactical
efficiency is enhanced by providing the sports persons
with knowledge of rules and repeated opportunities to
perfect tactical abilities in them.
4. Improvement of mental abilities are critical for high
level performance in any sport. The training aims at
development of positive attitude towards sports and
competition, dedication and devotion towards particular
sport or event, sincerity and honesty, self-confidence
and optimum level of aspiration.
5.5 c haracterIStIcS of SportS t raInIng Some of the important characteristics of sports training are:
1. Sports Training is Individual-specific: The needs of
every individual for performing in a particular sport are
different from those of another. If we take the example
of the sprint event, even a small difference in time and
speed or distance decides the performance record, victory
a ctIvIty 5.1
Discuss with
your classmates
the offensive,
defensive and high
performance tactics
that are required to
be adopted by any
team game of your
school, which may
be participating in
some competition.
Based on the
discussion, prepare
a list of three kinds
of tactics, offensive
defensive and high
performance.
Page 3
5.1 IntroductIon
We use the term training in various contexts. We talk of training
of teachers, administrators, police and army personnel, medical
and paramedical functionaries including, working in non-
governmental organisations and volunteers engaged in various
events. In these contexts, by training we mean, an organised
and systematic instructional process which aims at improving
an individuals’ ability to play their assigned roles effectively and
meaningfully. However, this kind of understanding of the term
training cannot be applied to the concept of sports training.
The term sports training is specifically used in the context of
athletics, sports and games which could be a training of sports
persons, coaches and teachers of physical education. It is
also used by scientists and experts who belong to the field of
sports science and medicine, sports bio-mechanics, exercise
physiology, sports psychology and other fields like yoga and
science movement. But even in these contexts, the concept
of sports training is understood differently. In this chapter,
therefore, we shall learn the meaning of sports training, its aims,
characteristics and principles and also about sports skills.
5.2 SportS t raInIng : MeanIng
Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports
persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and
maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports
activities. It is a particular type of training designed to improve
fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. It includes
strength in training, corrective and restorative exercises,
conditioning and cardiovascular training. It also includes mental
and psychological training and advise on nutritional values.
5.3 p erfor Mance d evelop Ment t hrough Sport S t ra In Ing Sports training is especially focused on optimal performance in
a particular sport. Its main aim is to develop the performance
capacity of sports persons, so that they achieve the highest
possible performance. To do so, it is essential to be mentally
strong. The ability to manage stress and anxiety associated
with different sports need to be strengthened. Competition in
sports makes the participants face varied situations which
require the individuals to be mentally fit.
Sports Training
Box 5.1
Purpose of sports
training is to
achieve optimal
level performance
in a particular
game and sport.
5
Sports Training
5.4 o BjectIveS of SportS t raInIng
The main objectives of sports training are as follows.
1. Improvement of physical fitness: The performance
in sports generally depends upon physical fitness of a
sports person. Every sport activity needs specific type of
physical fitness, and hence, the improvement of various
components of physical and skills related fitness like
strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility
is an important aim and objective of sports training.
2. Acquisition of sports skills: This includes motors skills
as well as basic movement skills. Fundamental motor
skills are prerequisites to the learning of sport-specific
skills. Every sports activity requires to observe certain
specific movement procedure to tackle a particular task.
This movement procedure is known as technique and
when this technique is learnt and perfected, it leads to
skill development. Whenever sports persons include in
technical training, they focus on acquisition of motor
skills relevant to a particular sport. Fundamental motor
skills such as hopping, jumping, skipping, kicking,
throwing, catching and striking are prerequisites to the
learning of sport specific skills of basketball, football,
gymnastics, tennis, cricket, badminton etc.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency: Tactical training
is designed to improve various strategies and is based
upon analysis of the tactics of opponents. Specific
training in sports helps the sports persons to make
the best use of their abilities and techniques so that
the chances of success in competition are increased.
The training develops three kinds of tactics: offensive,
defensive and high performance tactics. Tactical
efficiency is enhanced by providing the sports persons
with knowledge of rules and repeated opportunities to
perfect tactical abilities in them.
4. Improvement of mental abilities are critical for high
level performance in any sport. The training aims at
development of positive attitude towards sports and
competition, dedication and devotion towards particular
sport or event, sincerity and honesty, self-confidence
and optimum level of aspiration.
5.5 c haracterIStIcS of SportS t raInIng Some of the important characteristics of sports training are:
1. Sports Training is Individual-specific: The needs of
every individual for performing in a particular sport are
different from those of another. If we take the example
of the sprint event, even a small difference in time and
speed or distance decides the performance record, victory
a ctIvIty 5.1
Discuss with
your classmates
the offensive,
defensive and high
performance tactics
that are required to
be adopted by any
team game of your
school, which may
be participating in
some competition.
Based on the
discussion, prepare
a list of three kinds
of tactics, offensive
defensive and high
performance.
Health and Physical Education — Class IX
or defeat. The difference depends on individual-specific
capabilities. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the
individual potential during the training. By identifying
their needs, training may be focused at improving the
identified gaps in the abilities of that sports person.
2. To Achieve High Performance in a Sports
Competition: The important feature of sports training
is its focus on enabling the sportsperson to achieve
the highest possible level of performance in any of the
sports competitions. It is a process which is spread over
a long period of time.
3. Sports Training is a Scientific Process: It is highly
influenced by the scientific methods, to achieve best
result the knowledge from various dimensions of
sciences has to be incorporated during the process of
training.
4. Coach has an Important Role: A coach helps in
building confidence, boosts morale and acts as a friend
and a mentor. A coach is like a ‘philosopher and mentor’
on the sports field.
5. Optimum Development of Sports Persons: To achieve
optimum performance sports training should be
planned, systematic and scientific and to achieve same,
different means and methods are used. These means and
methods are constantly modified and used in different
conditions. Sports, training is a continuous process for
optimum development and perfection of sports persons.
6. Sports training is an Educational Process: Sports
training is basically an educational process and it
develops all the aspects of personality. High performance
is not possible without developing the personality
because both aspects are inter-related and inter-
dependent of sports training.
7. Sports training is a Process of Development of
Hidden Talent: The training helps in observing and
assessing the performance level of the player at any
given moment. While doing so the hidden talent in a
sportsperson is identified. This talent is systematically
nurtured through the required specific training inputs.
5.6 MethodS of SportS t raInIng ?
There are various methods of sports training that are mentioned
below:
• Continuous Training Method • Circuit Training Method
• Interval Training Method • Plyometric Training
Method
Page 4
5.1 IntroductIon
We use the term training in various contexts. We talk of training
of teachers, administrators, police and army personnel, medical
and paramedical functionaries including, working in non-
governmental organisations and volunteers engaged in various
events. In these contexts, by training we mean, an organised
and systematic instructional process which aims at improving
an individuals’ ability to play their assigned roles effectively and
meaningfully. However, this kind of understanding of the term
training cannot be applied to the concept of sports training.
The term sports training is specifically used in the context of
athletics, sports and games which could be a training of sports
persons, coaches and teachers of physical education. It is
also used by scientists and experts who belong to the field of
sports science and medicine, sports bio-mechanics, exercise
physiology, sports psychology and other fields like yoga and
science movement. But even in these contexts, the concept
of sports training is understood differently. In this chapter,
therefore, we shall learn the meaning of sports training, its aims,
characteristics and principles and also about sports skills.
5.2 SportS t raInIng : MeanIng
Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports
persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and
maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports
activities. It is a particular type of training designed to improve
fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. It includes
strength in training, corrective and restorative exercises,
conditioning and cardiovascular training. It also includes mental
and psychological training and advise on nutritional values.
5.3 p erfor Mance d evelop Ment t hrough Sport S t ra In Ing Sports training is especially focused on optimal performance in
a particular sport. Its main aim is to develop the performance
capacity of sports persons, so that they achieve the highest
possible performance. To do so, it is essential to be mentally
strong. The ability to manage stress and anxiety associated
with different sports need to be strengthened. Competition in
sports makes the participants face varied situations which
require the individuals to be mentally fit.
Sports Training
Box 5.1
Purpose of sports
training is to
achieve optimal
level performance
in a particular
game and sport.
5
Sports Training
5.4 o BjectIveS of SportS t raInIng
The main objectives of sports training are as follows.
1. Improvement of physical fitness: The performance
in sports generally depends upon physical fitness of a
sports person. Every sport activity needs specific type of
physical fitness, and hence, the improvement of various
components of physical and skills related fitness like
strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility
is an important aim and objective of sports training.
2. Acquisition of sports skills: This includes motors skills
as well as basic movement skills. Fundamental motor
skills are prerequisites to the learning of sport-specific
skills. Every sports activity requires to observe certain
specific movement procedure to tackle a particular task.
This movement procedure is known as technique and
when this technique is learnt and perfected, it leads to
skill development. Whenever sports persons include in
technical training, they focus on acquisition of motor
skills relevant to a particular sport. Fundamental motor
skills such as hopping, jumping, skipping, kicking,
throwing, catching and striking are prerequisites to the
learning of sport specific skills of basketball, football,
gymnastics, tennis, cricket, badminton etc.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency: Tactical training
is designed to improve various strategies and is based
upon analysis of the tactics of opponents. Specific
training in sports helps the sports persons to make
the best use of their abilities and techniques so that
the chances of success in competition are increased.
The training develops three kinds of tactics: offensive,
defensive and high performance tactics. Tactical
efficiency is enhanced by providing the sports persons
with knowledge of rules and repeated opportunities to
perfect tactical abilities in them.
4. Improvement of mental abilities are critical for high
level performance in any sport. The training aims at
development of positive attitude towards sports and
competition, dedication and devotion towards particular
sport or event, sincerity and honesty, self-confidence
and optimum level of aspiration.
5.5 c haracterIStIcS of SportS t raInIng Some of the important characteristics of sports training are:
1. Sports Training is Individual-specific: The needs of
every individual for performing in a particular sport are
different from those of another. If we take the example
of the sprint event, even a small difference in time and
speed or distance decides the performance record, victory
a ctIvIty 5.1
Discuss with
your classmates
the offensive,
defensive and high
performance tactics
that are required to
be adopted by any
team game of your
school, which may
be participating in
some competition.
Based on the
discussion, prepare
a list of three kinds
of tactics, offensive
defensive and high
performance.
Health and Physical Education — Class IX
or defeat. The difference depends on individual-specific
capabilities. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the
individual potential during the training. By identifying
their needs, training may be focused at improving the
identified gaps in the abilities of that sports person.
2. To Achieve High Performance in a Sports
Competition: The important feature of sports training
is its focus on enabling the sportsperson to achieve
the highest possible level of performance in any of the
sports competitions. It is a process which is spread over
a long period of time.
3. Sports Training is a Scientific Process: It is highly
influenced by the scientific methods, to achieve best
result the knowledge from various dimensions of
sciences has to be incorporated during the process of
training.
4. Coach has an Important Role: A coach helps in
building confidence, boosts morale and acts as a friend
and a mentor. A coach is like a ‘philosopher and mentor’
on the sports field.
5. Optimum Development of Sports Persons: To achieve
optimum performance sports training should be
planned, systematic and scientific and to achieve same,
different means and methods are used. These means and
methods are constantly modified and used in different
conditions. Sports, training is a continuous process for
optimum development and perfection of sports persons.
6. Sports training is an Educational Process: Sports
training is basically an educational process and it
develops all the aspects of personality. High performance
is not possible without developing the personality
because both aspects are inter-related and inter-
dependent of sports training.
7. Sports training is a Process of Development of
Hidden Talent: The training helps in observing and
assessing the performance level of the player at any
given moment. While doing so the hidden talent in a
sportsperson is identified. This talent is systematically
nurtured through the required specific training inputs.
5.6 MethodS of SportS t raInIng ?
There are various methods of sports training that are mentioned
below:
• Continuous Training Method • Circuit Training Method
• Interval Training Method • Plyometric Training
Method
Sports Training
• Repetation Training Method • Weight Training Method
• Fartlek Training Method • Cross Training Method
However in this chapter only two methods are described:
1. Interval Training: It involves maximum intensity
work with intervals. This intensity work is alternated
with periods of rest or low activity so that the body
adjusts to work and rest. This method involves more of
cardiovascular activities of individual.
2. Cross Training: refers to training in different ways to
improve the overall performance. Cross training uses
different methods collectively to improve fitness and
increases effectiveness of the training process for every
human.
5.7 p rIncIpleS of SportS t raInIng It is important to know the basic principles that must be
reflected in sports training. These are:
1. Continuity of Training: which is the key to ensure
the best outcome in a sport. The training of the sports
persons has to be continuous and regular. Hence, too
long a break in the training should be avoided and the
condition of optimum load should be created.
2. Increasing the Training Load: there is a relationship
between the load and adaptation process. Training load
should be gradually increased to enable the body, to
adapt higher demands progressively.
3. Active Participation: It is a well known fact that a
player who is passively engaged in the training does not
develop abilities and always remains totally dependent
upon the coach or the physical education teacher and
never develops confidence or improves performance
capabilities. Therefore the teacher/coach must ensure
that the sports persons participate in the training with
conviction and sincerity.
4. Planned and Systematic Training: To achieve a high
level of sports performance in competitions, the training
must be well planned and conducted in a systematic
manner for better results.
5. General and specific training: Both general and
specific training of a sports person are equally important
because general training creates the base and specific
training helps to achieve high performance. General
training needs to general conditioning of the body such
as developing strength, speed, endurance, flexibility,
agility, balancing, ability in general. General training is
done by general exercising for the development of all
Page 5
5.1 IntroductIon
We use the term training in various contexts. We talk of training
of teachers, administrators, police and army personnel, medical
and paramedical functionaries including, working in non-
governmental organisations and volunteers engaged in various
events. In these contexts, by training we mean, an organised
and systematic instructional process which aims at improving
an individuals’ ability to play their assigned roles effectively and
meaningfully. However, this kind of understanding of the term
training cannot be applied to the concept of sports training.
The term sports training is specifically used in the context of
athletics, sports and games which could be a training of sports
persons, coaches and teachers of physical education. It is
also used by scientists and experts who belong to the field of
sports science and medicine, sports bio-mechanics, exercise
physiology, sports psychology and other fields like yoga and
science movement. But even in these contexts, the concept
of sports training is understood differently. In this chapter,
therefore, we shall learn the meaning of sports training, its aims,
characteristics and principles and also about sports skills.
5.2 SportS t raInIng : MeanIng
Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports
persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and
maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports
activities. It is a particular type of training designed to improve
fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. It includes
strength in training, corrective and restorative exercises,
conditioning and cardiovascular training. It also includes mental
and psychological training and advise on nutritional values.
5.3 p erfor Mance d evelop Ment t hrough Sport S t ra In Ing Sports training is especially focused on optimal performance in
a particular sport. Its main aim is to develop the performance
capacity of sports persons, so that they achieve the highest
possible performance. To do so, it is essential to be mentally
strong. The ability to manage stress and anxiety associated
with different sports need to be strengthened. Competition in
sports makes the participants face varied situations which
require the individuals to be mentally fit.
Sports Training
Box 5.1
Purpose of sports
training is to
achieve optimal
level performance
in a particular
game and sport.
5
Sports Training
5.4 o BjectIveS of SportS t raInIng
The main objectives of sports training are as follows.
1. Improvement of physical fitness: The performance
in sports generally depends upon physical fitness of a
sports person. Every sport activity needs specific type of
physical fitness, and hence, the improvement of various
components of physical and skills related fitness like
strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility
is an important aim and objective of sports training.
2. Acquisition of sports skills: This includes motors skills
as well as basic movement skills. Fundamental motor
skills are prerequisites to the learning of sport-specific
skills. Every sports activity requires to observe certain
specific movement procedure to tackle a particular task.
This movement procedure is known as technique and
when this technique is learnt and perfected, it leads to
skill development. Whenever sports persons include in
technical training, they focus on acquisition of motor
skills relevant to a particular sport. Fundamental motor
skills such as hopping, jumping, skipping, kicking,
throwing, catching and striking are prerequisites to the
learning of sport specific skills of basketball, football,
gymnastics, tennis, cricket, badminton etc.
3. Improvement of tactical efficiency: Tactical training
is designed to improve various strategies and is based
upon analysis of the tactics of opponents. Specific
training in sports helps the sports persons to make
the best use of their abilities and techniques so that
the chances of success in competition are increased.
The training develops three kinds of tactics: offensive,
defensive and high performance tactics. Tactical
efficiency is enhanced by providing the sports persons
with knowledge of rules and repeated opportunities to
perfect tactical abilities in them.
4. Improvement of mental abilities are critical for high
level performance in any sport. The training aims at
development of positive attitude towards sports and
competition, dedication and devotion towards particular
sport or event, sincerity and honesty, self-confidence
and optimum level of aspiration.
5.5 c haracterIStIcS of SportS t raInIng Some of the important characteristics of sports training are:
1. Sports Training is Individual-specific: The needs of
every individual for performing in a particular sport are
different from those of another. If we take the example
of the sprint event, even a small difference in time and
speed or distance decides the performance record, victory
a ctIvIty 5.1
Discuss with
your classmates
the offensive,
defensive and high
performance tactics
that are required to
be adopted by any
team game of your
school, which may
be participating in
some competition.
Based on the
discussion, prepare
a list of three kinds
of tactics, offensive
defensive and high
performance.
Health and Physical Education — Class IX
or defeat. The difference depends on individual-specific
capabilities. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the
individual potential during the training. By identifying
their needs, training may be focused at improving the
identified gaps in the abilities of that sports person.
2. To Achieve High Performance in a Sports
Competition: The important feature of sports training
is its focus on enabling the sportsperson to achieve
the highest possible level of performance in any of the
sports competitions. It is a process which is spread over
a long period of time.
3. Sports Training is a Scientific Process: It is highly
influenced by the scientific methods, to achieve best
result the knowledge from various dimensions of
sciences has to be incorporated during the process of
training.
4. Coach has an Important Role: A coach helps in
building confidence, boosts morale and acts as a friend
and a mentor. A coach is like a ‘philosopher and mentor’
on the sports field.
5. Optimum Development of Sports Persons: To achieve
optimum performance sports training should be
planned, systematic and scientific and to achieve same,
different means and methods are used. These means and
methods are constantly modified and used in different
conditions. Sports, training is a continuous process for
optimum development and perfection of sports persons.
6. Sports training is an Educational Process: Sports
training is basically an educational process and it
develops all the aspects of personality. High performance
is not possible without developing the personality
because both aspects are inter-related and inter-
dependent of sports training.
7. Sports training is a Process of Development of
Hidden Talent: The training helps in observing and
assessing the performance level of the player at any
given moment. While doing so the hidden talent in a
sportsperson is identified. This talent is systematically
nurtured through the required specific training inputs.
5.6 MethodS of SportS t raInIng ?
There are various methods of sports training that are mentioned
below:
• Continuous Training Method • Circuit Training Method
• Interval Training Method • Plyometric Training
Method
Sports Training
• Repetation Training Method • Weight Training Method
• Fartlek Training Method • Cross Training Method
However in this chapter only two methods are described:
1. Interval Training: It involves maximum intensity
work with intervals. This intensity work is alternated
with periods of rest or low activity so that the body
adjusts to work and rest. This method involves more of
cardiovascular activities of individual.
2. Cross Training: refers to training in different ways to
improve the overall performance. Cross training uses
different methods collectively to improve fitness and
increases effectiveness of the training process for every
human.
5.7 p rIncIpleS of SportS t raInIng It is important to know the basic principles that must be
reflected in sports training. These are:
1. Continuity of Training: which is the key to ensure
the best outcome in a sport. The training of the sports
persons has to be continuous and regular. Hence, too
long a break in the training should be avoided and the
condition of optimum load should be created.
2. Increasing the Training Load: there is a relationship
between the load and adaptation process. Training load
should be gradually increased to enable the body, to
adapt higher demands progressively.
3. Active Participation: It is a well known fact that a
player who is passively engaged in the training does not
develop abilities and always remains totally dependent
upon the coach or the physical education teacher and
never develops confidence or improves performance
capabilities. Therefore the teacher/coach must ensure
that the sports persons participate in the training with
conviction and sincerity.
4. Planned and Systematic Training: To achieve a high
level of sports performance in competitions, the training
must be well planned and conducted in a systematic
manner for better results.
5. General and specific training: Both general and
specific training of a sports person are equally important
because general training creates the base and specific
training helps to achieve high performance. General
training needs to general conditioning of the body such
as developing strength, speed, endurance, flexibility,
agility, balancing, ability in general. General training is
done by general exercising for the development of all
Health and Physical Education — Class IX
the muscle group of the body whereas specific training
consists of specific exercises with the aim to develop
specific strength, specific muscle group and specific
motor abilities required for a particular sport.
6. Clarity with respect to all aspects of the concerned
sport and games more importantly, its techniques and
tactics for performance enhancement is the key.
7. Cyclicity: The training can be organised in three
different cycles: Macro cycle: having duration of 3–12
months; Meso cycle of 3–6 weeks; and Micro cycle of
5–10 days.
8. Ensuring results: Sports training is planned to achieve
the expected results in small and major competitions or
tournaments.
9. Critical training load: The training load may be
increased to meet the higher demands of competition
in unforeseen situations. The training load should be
managed more than the general load. This critical load
should be measured 4–5 times in a year.
10. Adaptability: The adaptability to the training load
should be in proper proportion between the load and
recovery. Then only a sports person gets adapted to the
training load.
11. Uniformity and differentiation: The uniformity
may be in terms of time and duration of the activity,
whereas, the load may vary as per the capacity of
the individual sportsperson. It is an established fact
that no two individuals are alike. The sports persons
participating in the training are different in terms of age,
health condition, individual capacity, recovery pace and
physique. Keeping these factors in view, the training
must be planned as per the needs of the individual
sports person.
12. Feasibility: training of the sports person should be
planned and conducted to draw the maximum benefit.
Too little or too much training needs to be avoided.
5.8 t raInIng l oad As is evident from the above, in sports training, the load is
a major concern. Efforts should be made so that possible
work can be done with minimum effort. Load is defined as
the amount of work done by an individual’s body. It is the
psychological and physiological demand put on the body
parts through motor stimuli resulting in improvement and
maintenance of higher performance capacity. Sports training
consists of physical exercises. Therefore one needs to be aware
a ctIvIty 5.2
Observe the sports
training sessions
planned and
conducted by the
coach/physical
education teacher
in your school.
Write a brief report
on the basis of
your observations.
Indicate whether
all the principles
of training are
followed. Point out
the missing ones, if
any in text.
Box 5.2
Load is defined
as the amount of
work done by an
individual’s body. It
is the psychological
and physiological
demand put on
the body parts
through motor
stimuli resulting in
improvement and
maintenance of
higher performance
capacity.
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