Page 1 Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Chapter 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION We use many items in our daily life. From tooth paste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc. are required every day. All these can be purchased from the market. Have you ever thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production? All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. It is the transportation of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things like fruits, vegetables, books, clothes, etc. but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? The use of transport and communication depends upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human-beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. The following diagram shows the major means of transportation. Land T Land T Land T Land T Land Tr r r r ranspor anspor anspor anspor ansport t t t t The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for transportation in India since ancient times. With the economic and technological development, metalled roads and railways were developed to move large volume of goods and 2015-16 Page 2 Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Chapter 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION We use many items in our daily life. From tooth paste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc. are required every day. All these can be purchased from the market. Have you ever thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production? All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. It is the transportation of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things like fruits, vegetables, books, clothes, etc. but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? The use of transport and communication depends upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human-beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. The following diagram shows the major means of transportation. Land T Land T Land T Land T Land Tr r r r ranspor anspor anspor anspor ansport t t t t The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for transportation in India since ancient times. With the economic and technological development, metalled roads and railways were developed to move large volume of goods and 2015-16 114 India : People and Economy people from one place to another. Ropeways, cableways and pipelines were devised to cater to the demands of transporting specific goods under special circumstances. Road Transport India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 42.3 lakh km (2008-09). About 85 per cent of passenger and (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India. However, roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote areas had the least connectivity by road. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads. 70 per cent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal. This road was renamed the Grand Trunk (GT) road during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar . At present, it extends from Amritsar to Kolkata. It is bifurcated into 2 segments : (a) National Highway(NH)-1 from Delhi to Amritsar , and (b) NH- 2 from Delhi to Kolkata. Road transport in modern sense was very limited in India before World War-II. The first serious attempt was made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. This plan could not be implemented due to lack of coordination among the princely states and British India. After Independence, twenty-year road plan National Highways The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc. The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 70,934 km in 2008-09. The National Highways constitute only 1.67 per cent of the total road length but carry 40 per cent of the road traffic. (Table 10.1) The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport. It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways. This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as National Highways. A view of traffic flow in Delhi Rain-soaked : Nomads go about their routine during an early morning downpour in Srinagar. Traffic on the 300-km Srinagar-Jammu and 434- km Srinagar-Leh National Highways is suspended as upper reaches of J&K saw heavy snowfall while rain lashed the plains. Fig. 10.1 2015-16 Page 3 Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Chapter 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION We use many items in our daily life. From tooth paste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc. are required every day. All these can be purchased from the market. Have you ever thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production? All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. It is the transportation of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things like fruits, vegetables, books, clothes, etc. but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? The use of transport and communication depends upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human-beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. The following diagram shows the major means of transportation. Land T Land T Land T Land T Land Tr r r r ranspor anspor anspor anspor ansport t t t t The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for transportation in India since ancient times. With the economic and technological development, metalled roads and railways were developed to move large volume of goods and 2015-16 114 India : People and Economy people from one place to another. Ropeways, cableways and pipelines were devised to cater to the demands of transporting specific goods under special circumstances. Road Transport India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 42.3 lakh km (2008-09). About 85 per cent of passenger and (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India. However, roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote areas had the least connectivity by road. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads. 70 per cent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal. This road was renamed the Grand Trunk (GT) road during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar . At present, it extends from Amritsar to Kolkata. It is bifurcated into 2 segments : (a) National Highway(NH)-1 from Delhi to Amritsar , and (b) NH- 2 from Delhi to Kolkata. Road transport in modern sense was very limited in India before World War-II. The first serious attempt was made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. This plan could not be implemented due to lack of coordination among the princely states and British India. After Independence, twenty-year road plan National Highways The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc. The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 70,934 km in 2008-09. The National Highways constitute only 1.67 per cent of the total road length but carry 40 per cent of the road traffic. (Table 10.1) The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport. It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways. This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as National Highways. A view of traffic flow in Delhi Rain-soaked : Nomads go about their routine during an early morning downpour in Srinagar. Traffic on the 300-km Srinagar-Jammu and 434- km Srinagar-Leh National Highways is suspended as upper reaches of J&K saw heavy snowfall while rain lashed the plains. Fig. 10.1 2015-16 Transport and Communication 115 Serial No. Road Category Length in Km % of total road length 1. National Highways 70,934 1.67 2. State Highways 154522 3.64 3. Major District Roads 2577396 60.83 4. Rural Roads 1433577 33.86 Total 4236429 100 Table 10.1 : Indian Road Network 2008-09 National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases : Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traf fic corridor , to connect India’ s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised. North-South and East-West Corridors : North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076 km long road. The E ast-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640 km of road length. Rural Roads These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. About 80 per cent of the total road length in India are categorised as rural roads. There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain? State Highways These are constructed and maintained by state governments. They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns. These roads are connected to the National Highways. These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country. District Roads These roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. They account for 14 per cent of the total road length of the country. Fig. 10.2 : Road constructed under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna Why are the rural roads’ density very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas? Why does the quality of rural roads deteriorate away from the urban centres? Other Roads Other roads include Border Roads and International Highways. The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern boundary of the Source: Ministry of Road Transport Annual Report 2010-11. 2015-16 Page 4 Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Chapter 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION We use many items in our daily life. From tooth paste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc. are required every day. All these can be purchased from the market. Have you ever thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production? All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. It is the transportation of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things like fruits, vegetables, books, clothes, etc. but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? The use of transport and communication depends upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human-beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. The following diagram shows the major means of transportation. Land T Land T Land T Land T Land Tr r r r ranspor anspor anspor anspor ansport t t t t The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for transportation in India since ancient times. With the economic and technological development, metalled roads and railways were developed to move large volume of goods and 2015-16 114 India : People and Economy people from one place to another. Ropeways, cableways and pipelines were devised to cater to the demands of transporting specific goods under special circumstances. Road Transport India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 42.3 lakh km (2008-09). About 85 per cent of passenger and (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India. However, roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote areas had the least connectivity by road. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads. 70 per cent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal. This road was renamed the Grand Trunk (GT) road during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar . At present, it extends from Amritsar to Kolkata. It is bifurcated into 2 segments : (a) National Highway(NH)-1 from Delhi to Amritsar , and (b) NH- 2 from Delhi to Kolkata. Road transport in modern sense was very limited in India before World War-II. The first serious attempt was made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. This plan could not be implemented due to lack of coordination among the princely states and British India. After Independence, twenty-year road plan National Highways The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc. The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 70,934 km in 2008-09. The National Highways constitute only 1.67 per cent of the total road length but carry 40 per cent of the road traffic. (Table 10.1) The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport. It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways. This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as National Highways. A view of traffic flow in Delhi Rain-soaked : Nomads go about their routine during an early morning downpour in Srinagar. Traffic on the 300-km Srinagar-Jammu and 434- km Srinagar-Leh National Highways is suspended as upper reaches of J&K saw heavy snowfall while rain lashed the plains. Fig. 10.1 2015-16 Transport and Communication 115 Serial No. Road Category Length in Km % of total road length 1. National Highways 70,934 1.67 2. State Highways 154522 3.64 3. Major District Roads 2577396 60.83 4. Rural Roads 1433577 33.86 Total 4236429 100 Table 10.1 : Indian Road Network 2008-09 National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases : Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traf fic corridor , to connect India’ s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised. North-South and East-West Corridors : North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076 km long road. The E ast-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640 km of road length. Rural Roads These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. About 80 per cent of the total road length in India are categorised as rural roads. There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain? State Highways These are constructed and maintained by state governments. They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns. These roads are connected to the National Highways. These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country. District Roads These roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. They account for 14 per cent of the total road length of the country. Fig. 10.2 : Road constructed under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna Why are the rural roads’ density very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas? Why does the quality of rural roads deteriorate away from the urban centres? Other Roads Other roads include Border Roads and International Highways. The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern boundary of the Source: Ministry of Road Transport Annual Report 2010-11. 2015-16 116 India : People and Economy Fig. 10.3 : India – Density of Roads, 2001 2015-16 Page 5 Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Unit IV Chapter 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION We use many items in our daily life. From tooth paste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps, food items, etc. are required every day. All these can be purchased from the market. Have you ever thought as to how these items are brought from the site of production? All the production is meant for consumption. From the fields and factory, the produce is brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. It is the transportation of these items from the site of their production to the market which make them available to the consumer. We not only use material things like fruits, vegetables, books, clothes, etc. but also use ideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do you know we exchange our views, ideas and messages from one place to another or one individual to another while communicating with the help of various means? The use of transport and communication depends upon our need to move things from place of their availability to the place of their use. Human-beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another. The following diagram shows the major means of transportation. Land T Land T Land T Land T Land Tr r r r ranspor anspor anspor anspor ansport t t t t The pathways and unmetalled roads have been used for transportation in India since ancient times. With the economic and technological development, metalled roads and railways were developed to move large volume of goods and 2015-16 114 India : People and Economy people from one place to another. Ropeways, cableways and pipelines were devised to cater to the demands of transporting specific goods under special circumstances. Road Transport India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 42.3 lakh km (2008-09). About 85 per cent of passenger and (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India. However, roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote areas had the least connectivity by road. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads. 70 per cent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal. This road was renamed the Grand Trunk (GT) road during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar . At present, it extends from Amritsar to Kolkata. It is bifurcated into 2 segments : (a) National Highway(NH)-1 from Delhi to Amritsar , and (b) NH- 2 from Delhi to Kolkata. Road transport in modern sense was very limited in India before World War-II. The first serious attempt was made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. This plan could not be implemented due to lack of coordination among the princely states and British India. After Independence, twenty-year road plan National Highways The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc. The length of the National Highways has increased from 19,700 km in 1951 to 70,934 km in 2008-09. The National Highways constitute only 1.67 per cent of the total road length but carry 40 per cent of the road traffic. (Table 10.1) The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport. It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways. This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as National Highways. A view of traffic flow in Delhi Rain-soaked : Nomads go about their routine during an early morning downpour in Srinagar. Traffic on the 300-km Srinagar-Jammu and 434- km Srinagar-Leh National Highways is suspended as upper reaches of J&K saw heavy snowfall while rain lashed the plains. Fig. 10.1 2015-16 Transport and Communication 115 Serial No. Road Category Length in Km % of total road length 1. National Highways 70,934 1.67 2. State Highways 154522 3.64 3. Major District Roads 2577396 60.83 4. Rural Roads 1433577 33.86 Total 4236429 100 Table 10.1 : Indian Road Network 2008-09 National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways National Highways Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects Development Projects NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases : Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traf fic corridor , to connect India’ s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised. North-South and East-West Corridors : North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076 km long road. The E ast-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640 km of road length. Rural Roads These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. About 80 per cent of the total road length in India are categorised as rural roads. There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain? State Highways These are constructed and maintained by state governments. They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns. These roads are connected to the National Highways. These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country. District Roads These roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. They account for 14 per cent of the total road length of the country. Fig. 10.2 : Road constructed under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna Why are the rural roads’ density very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas? Why does the quality of rural roads deteriorate away from the urban centres? Other Roads Other roads include Border Roads and International Highways. The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern boundary of the Source: Ministry of Road Transport Annual Report 2010-11. 2015-16 116 India : People and Economy Fig. 10.3 : India – Density of Roads, 2001 2015-16 Transport and Communication 117 Apart from the construction and maintenance of roads in strategically sensitive areas, the BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitude areas. The international highways are meant to promote the harmonious relationship with the neighbouring countries by providing effective links with India. (Fig. 10.5 and 10.6) The distribution of roads is not uniform in the country. Density of roads (length of roads per 100 square km of area) varies from only 12.14 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala with a national average of 142.68 km in 2011. The density of road is high in most of the northern states and major southern states. It is low in the Himalayan region, north- eastern region, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Why does this variation occur? Nature of terrain and the level of economic development are the main determinants of density of roads. Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateau areas. Therefore, not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested regions. List the names of 10 important towns along NH-1 and NH-2. Fig. 10.5 : A Bus from Lahore to Delhi at Wagah Border Fig. 10.6 : Aman Setu between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad Delhi-Lahore Bus Fig. 10.4 : Khardung La Pass in Jammu & Kashmir country. It is a premier multifaceted construction agency. It has constructed roads in high altitude mountainous terrain joining Chandigarh with Manali (Himachal Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh). This road runs at an average altitude of 4,270 metres above the mean sea level. 2015-16Read More
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