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NCERT Textbook: हमारे चारों ओर वायु | विज्ञान Class 6 PDF Download

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 Page 1


15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
v
è;k; 9 esa geus ;g lh[kk gS fd lHkh
thoksa dks ok;q dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu D;k vkius dHkh ok;q dks ns[kk gS\
vkius dHkh ugha ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu fu'p; gh ok;q
dh mifLFkfr dbZ rjhdksa ls vuqHko dh gksxhA bls
vki rc vuqHko djrs gSa tc isM+ksa dh ifÙk;k¡ [kM+[kM+krh
gSa ;k diM+s lq[kkus okys rkj ij yVosQ diM+s èkhjs&èkhjs
fgyrs gSaA ia[ks osQ pkyw gkssus ij [kqyh iqLrd osQ i`"B
vkok”k djus yxrs gaSA ok;q osQ cgus osQ dkj.k gh
vkidh irax dk mM+uk laHko gksrk gSA D;k vkidks
vè;k; 5 dk fØ;kdyki 3 ;kn gS ftlesa vkius jsr
vkSj cqjkns dks fu"ikou }kjk vyx fd;k Fkk\ fu"ikou
dh izfØ;k cgrh ok;q esa vfèkd izHkkoh gksrh gSA
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd rwI
+
kQkuksa osQ le; ok;q cgqr
rs”k xfr ls pyrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks ;g isM+ksa dks Hkh
m[kkM+ nsrh gS rFkk Nrksa osQ Åijh fgLlksa dks Hkh
mM+kdj ys tkrh gSA
D;k vki dHkh fiQjdh ls [ksys gSa (fp=k 15-1)\
fp=k 15-1 fofHkUu izdkj dh fiQjfd;k¡
fp=k 15-2 ,d lk/kj.k fiQjdh cukuk
fp=k 15-3 okrlwpd
15-1 D;k ok;q gekjs pkjksa vksj gj
  txg mifLFkr gS\
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki
dhft,A
fØ;kdyki 2
dk¡p dh ,d [kqyh gqbZ [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g
okLro esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vc bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vkxs&ihNs dhft,A nsf[k,] D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k fiQjdh ?kwerh gS\ fiQjdh dks
dkSu ?kqekrk gS\ D;k bls ok;q ugha ?kqek jgh gS\
D;k vkius okrlwpd dks ?kwers gq, ns[kk gS
(fp=k 15-3)\ ;g ml fn'kk esa #d tkrk gS ftlesa
fd ml LFkku ij ok;q py jgh gksrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1
vkb,] fp=k 15-2 esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ge
viuh ,d fiQjdh cukrs gSaA
fiQjdh dh MaMh dks idfM+, vkSj mls ,d [kqys
{ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu fn'kkvksa esa jf[k,A bls FkksM+k
Page 2


15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
v
è;k; 9 esa geus ;g lh[kk gS fd lHkh
thoksa dks ok;q dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu D;k vkius dHkh ok;q dks ns[kk gS\
vkius dHkh ugha ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu fu'p; gh ok;q
dh mifLFkfr dbZ rjhdksa ls vuqHko dh gksxhA bls
vki rc vuqHko djrs gSa tc isM+ksa dh ifÙk;k¡ [kM+[kM+krh
gSa ;k diM+s lq[kkus okys rkj ij yVosQ diM+s èkhjs&èkhjs
fgyrs gSaA ia[ks osQ pkyw gkssus ij [kqyh iqLrd osQ i`"B
vkok”k djus yxrs gaSA ok;q osQ cgus osQ dkj.k gh
vkidh irax dk mM+uk laHko gksrk gSA D;k vkidks
vè;k; 5 dk fØ;kdyki 3 ;kn gS ftlesa vkius jsr
vkSj cqjkns dks fu"ikou }kjk vyx fd;k Fkk\ fu"ikou
dh izfØ;k cgrh ok;q esa vfèkd izHkkoh gksrh gSA
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd rwI
+
kQkuksa osQ le; ok;q cgqr
rs”k xfr ls pyrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks ;g isM+ksa dks Hkh
m[kkM+ nsrh gS rFkk Nrksa osQ Åijh fgLlksa dks Hkh
mM+kdj ys tkrh gSA
D;k vki dHkh fiQjdh ls [ksys gSa (fp=k 15-1)\
fp=k 15-1 fofHkUu izdkj dh fiQjfd;k¡
fp=k 15-2 ,d lk/kj.k fiQjdh cukuk
fp=k 15-3 okrlwpd
15-1 D;k ok;q gekjs pkjksa vksj gj
  txg mifLFkr gS\
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki
dhft,A
fØ;kdyki 2
dk¡p dh ,d [kqyh gqbZ [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g
okLro esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vc bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vkxs&ihNs dhft,A nsf[k,] D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k fiQjdh ?kwerh gS\ fiQjdh dks
dkSu ?kqekrk gS\ D;k bls ok;q ugha ?kqek jgh gS\
D;k vkius okrlwpd dks ?kwers gq, ns[kk gS
(fp=k 15-3)\ ;g ml fn'kk esa #d tkrk gS ftlesa
fd ml LFkku ij ok;q py jgh gksrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1
vkb,] fp=k 15-2 esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ge
viuh ,d fiQjdh cukrs gSaA
fiQjdh dh MaMh dks idfM+, vkSj mls ,d [kqys
{ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu fn'kkvksa esa jf[k,A bls FkksM+k
vc cksry osQ [kqys eq[k dks ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ
ckYVh esa fp=k 15-4 osQ vuqlkj Mqcks,¡A cksry dks
è;ku ls nsf[k,A D;k ikuh cksry osQ vanj izos'k
djrk gS\ vc cksry dks FkksM+k&lk frjNk dhft,A
D;k vc ikuh cksry esa izos'k djrk gS\ D;k vki
cksry esa ls oqQN cqycqys ckgj vkrs ns[krs gSa ;k
cqncqnkgV lqukbZ nsrh gS\ D;k vc vki vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd cksry osQ vanj D;k Fkk\
 gk¡! vki lgh gSasA ;g ok;q gS tks fd cksry esa
mifLFkr FkhA cksry iwjh rjg ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
[kkyh ugha FkhA okLro esa bls myVus ij Hkh ;g iwjh
rjg ls ok;q ls Hkjh gqbZ FkhA blfy, vki ns[krs gSa
fd tc cksry mYVh fLFkfr esa gksrh gS] ikuh cksry
esa izos'k ugha djrk D;ksafd ok;q osQ fudyus osQ fy,
dksbZ txg ugha gksrhA tc cksry dks frjNk djrs gSa
rks ok;q cqycqyksa osQ :i esa ckgj vkrh gS vkSj ok;q
osQ fudyus ls [kkyh gq, Hkkx esas ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q LFkku ?ksjrh gSA
;g cksry osQ iwjs LFkku esa Hkj tkrh gSA ;g gekjs pkjksa
vksj mifLFkr gSA ok;q dk dksbZ jax ugha gksrkA ge
blosQ vkj&ikj ns[k ldrs gaSA ;g ikjn'khZ gksrh gSA
gekjh i`Foh ok;q dh ,d iryh ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ
gSA bl ijr dk foLrkj i`Foh dh lrg ls
dbZ fdyksehVj Åij rd gS rFkk bls ok;qeaMy
dgrs gSaA
fp=k 15-4 ,d [kkyh cksry ls iz;ksx
fp=k 15-5 ioZrkjksgh vius lkFk vkWDlhtu
dk flfyaMj ys tkrs gSa
tSls&tSls ge ok;qe.My esa i`Foh osQ ry ls
mQij dh vksj tkrs gSa] ok;q fojy gksrh tkrh gSA D;k
vc vki fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd ioZrkjksgh Å¡ps ioZrksa
ij p<+rs le; vkWDlhtu dk flfyaMj vius lkFk D;ksa
ys tkrs gSa (fp=k 15-5)\
15-2 ok;q fdlls cuh gS\
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd yksx lksprs Fks fd ok;q osQoy
,d gh inkFkZ gSA iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k gS fd
okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA ok;q vusd xSlksa dk ,d
feJ.k gSA ;g feJ.k fdl izdkj dk gS\ vkb,]
,d&,d djosQ bl feJ.k osQ eq[; vo;oksa osQ ckjs
esa irk yxkrs gSaA
tyok"i
geus igys i<+k gS fd ok;q esa tyok"i fo|eku
gksrh gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd tc ok;q fdlh
BaMs i`"B osQ laioZQ esa vkrh gS rks blesa mifLFkr
tyok"i BaMh gkssdj la?kfur gks tkrh gS rFkk ty
dh cw¡nsa BaMs i`"B ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA izÑfr esa
typØ osQ fy, ok;q esa tyok"i dk mifLFkr gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA
Page 3


15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
v
è;k; 9 esa geus ;g lh[kk gS fd lHkh
thoksa dks ok;q dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu D;k vkius dHkh ok;q dks ns[kk gS\
vkius dHkh ugha ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu fu'p; gh ok;q
dh mifLFkfr dbZ rjhdksa ls vuqHko dh gksxhA bls
vki rc vuqHko djrs gSa tc isM+ksa dh ifÙk;k¡ [kM+[kM+krh
gSa ;k diM+s lq[kkus okys rkj ij yVosQ diM+s èkhjs&èkhjs
fgyrs gSaA ia[ks osQ pkyw gkssus ij [kqyh iqLrd osQ i`"B
vkok”k djus yxrs gaSA ok;q osQ cgus osQ dkj.k gh
vkidh irax dk mM+uk laHko gksrk gSA D;k vkidks
vè;k; 5 dk fØ;kdyki 3 ;kn gS ftlesa vkius jsr
vkSj cqjkns dks fu"ikou }kjk vyx fd;k Fkk\ fu"ikou
dh izfØ;k cgrh ok;q esa vfèkd izHkkoh gksrh gSA
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd rwI
+
kQkuksa osQ le; ok;q cgqr
rs”k xfr ls pyrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks ;g isM+ksa dks Hkh
m[kkM+ nsrh gS rFkk Nrksa osQ Åijh fgLlksa dks Hkh
mM+kdj ys tkrh gSA
D;k vki dHkh fiQjdh ls [ksys gSa (fp=k 15-1)\
fp=k 15-1 fofHkUu izdkj dh fiQjfd;k¡
fp=k 15-2 ,d lk/kj.k fiQjdh cukuk
fp=k 15-3 okrlwpd
15-1 D;k ok;q gekjs pkjksa vksj gj
  txg mifLFkr gS\
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki
dhft,A
fØ;kdyki 2
dk¡p dh ,d [kqyh gqbZ [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g
okLro esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vc bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vkxs&ihNs dhft,A nsf[k,] D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k fiQjdh ?kwerh gS\ fiQjdh dks
dkSu ?kqekrk gS\ D;k bls ok;q ugha ?kqek jgh gS\
D;k vkius okrlwpd dks ?kwers gq, ns[kk gS
(fp=k 15-3)\ ;g ml fn'kk esa #d tkrk gS ftlesa
fd ml LFkku ij ok;q py jgh gksrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1
vkb,] fp=k 15-2 esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ge
viuh ,d fiQjdh cukrs gSaA
fiQjdh dh MaMh dks idfM+, vkSj mls ,d [kqys
{ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu fn'kkvksa esa jf[k,A bls FkksM+k
vc cksry osQ [kqys eq[k dks ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ
ckYVh esa fp=k 15-4 osQ vuqlkj Mqcks,¡A cksry dks
è;ku ls nsf[k,A D;k ikuh cksry osQ vanj izos'k
djrk gS\ vc cksry dks FkksM+k&lk frjNk dhft,A
D;k vc ikuh cksry esa izos'k djrk gS\ D;k vki
cksry esa ls oqQN cqycqys ckgj vkrs ns[krs gSa ;k
cqncqnkgV lqukbZ nsrh gS\ D;k vc vki vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd cksry osQ vanj D;k Fkk\
 gk¡! vki lgh gSasA ;g ok;q gS tks fd cksry esa
mifLFkr FkhA cksry iwjh rjg ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
[kkyh ugha FkhA okLro esa bls myVus ij Hkh ;g iwjh
rjg ls ok;q ls Hkjh gqbZ FkhA blfy, vki ns[krs gSa
fd tc cksry mYVh fLFkfr esa gksrh gS] ikuh cksry
esa izos'k ugha djrk D;ksafd ok;q osQ fudyus osQ fy,
dksbZ txg ugha gksrhA tc cksry dks frjNk djrs gSa
rks ok;q cqycqyksa osQ :i esa ckgj vkrh gS vkSj ok;q
osQ fudyus ls [kkyh gq, Hkkx esas ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q LFkku ?ksjrh gSA
;g cksry osQ iwjs LFkku esa Hkj tkrh gSA ;g gekjs pkjksa
vksj mifLFkr gSA ok;q dk dksbZ jax ugha gksrkA ge
blosQ vkj&ikj ns[k ldrs gaSA ;g ikjn'khZ gksrh gSA
gekjh i`Foh ok;q dh ,d iryh ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ
gSA bl ijr dk foLrkj i`Foh dh lrg ls
dbZ fdyksehVj Åij rd gS rFkk bls ok;qeaMy
dgrs gSaA
fp=k 15-4 ,d [kkyh cksry ls iz;ksx
fp=k 15-5 ioZrkjksgh vius lkFk vkWDlhtu
dk flfyaMj ys tkrs gSa
tSls&tSls ge ok;qe.My esa i`Foh osQ ry ls
mQij dh vksj tkrs gSa] ok;q fojy gksrh tkrh gSA D;k
vc vki fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd ioZrkjksgh Å¡ps ioZrksa
ij p<+rs le; vkWDlhtu dk flfyaMj vius lkFk D;ksa
ys tkrs gSa (fp=k 15-5)\
15-2 ok;q fdlls cuh gS\
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd yksx lksprs Fks fd ok;q osQoy
,d gh inkFkZ gSA iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k gS fd
okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA ok;q vusd xSlksa dk ,d
feJ.k gSA ;g feJ.k fdl izdkj dk gS\ vkb,]
,d&,d djosQ bl feJ.k osQ eq[; vo;oksa osQ ckjs
esa irk yxkrs gSaA
tyok"i
geus igys i<+k gS fd ok;q esa tyok"i fo|eku
gksrh gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd tc ok;q fdlh
BaMs i`"B osQ laioZQ esa vkrh gS rks blesa mifLFkr
tyok"i BaMh gkssdj la?kfur gks tkrh gS rFkk ty
dh cw¡nsa BaMs i`"B ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA izÑfr esa
typØ osQ fy, ok;q esa tyok"i dk mifLFkr gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA
vkWDlhtu
fØ;kdyki 3
vius f'k{kd dh mifLFkfr esa ,d leku yackbZ dh
nks eksecfÙk;k¡ es”k ij yxk,¡ vkSj mUgsa tyk ysaA buesa
ls ,d eksecÙkh ij dk¡p dk ,d fxykl mYVk
djosQ j[k nsaA nksuksa eksecfÙk;ksa dks è;ku ls ns[ksaA D;k
nksuksa eksecfÙk;k¡ yxkrkj tyrh jgrh gSa ;k cq> tkrh
gSa\ vki ns[ksaxs fd tks eksecÙkh fxykl ls <dh Fkh
og oqQN nsj ckn cq> tkrh gS tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh
tyrh jgrh gSA bldk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS\
fopkj djsaA
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd fxykl ls <dh eksecÙkh
blfy, cq> tkrh gS D;ksafd ok;q dk og ?kVd tks
eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa lgk;d gS og lhfer gS vkSj
eksecÙkh tyus ls oqQN nsj ckn lekIr gks tkrk gSA
tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh dks yxkrkj ok;q feyrh jgrh
gSA ok;q dk og ?kVd tks tyus esa lgk;d gS og
vkWDlhtu dgykrk gSA
ukbVªkstu
eksecÙkh osQ cq>us osQ ckn Hkh D;k vkius ;g ns[kk
fd ok;q dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vc Hkh fxykl esa 'ks"k
jg tkrk gS\ ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd ok;q osQ oqQN
vo;o tyus esa lgk;d ugha gksrsA ok;q dk ,d
cM+k Hkkx (tks eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa mi;ksx ugha
gqvk) ukbVªkstu dgykrk gSA
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
,d can dejs esa tc dksbZ inkFkZ ty jgk gksrk gS rks
'kk;n vkius ?kqVu eglwl dh gksxhA ;g ?kqVu dejs esa
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh vf/d ek=kk ,d=k gksus osQ
dkj.k gqbZ tks fd yxkrkj fdlh oLrq osQ tyus osQ
dkj.k curh gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh ok;q dk ,d
NksVk vo;o dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM gksrk gSA ;g lykg
nh tkrh gS fd iQlyksa osQ vo'ks"k o lw[kh ifÙk;ksa dks
ugha tykuk pkfg,A D;ksafd blls ok;q iznwf"kr
gksrh gSA
/wy rFkk /qvk¡
b±/u rFkk inkFkks± osQ tyus ls /qvk¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrk
gSA /q,¡ esa oqQN xSlsa ,oa lw{e /wy d.k gksrs gSa tks
izk;% gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA bl dkj.k vki dkj[kkuksa
esa yach fpefu;k¡ ns[krs gSaA ;s fpefu;k¡ gkfudkjd
/q,¡ rFkk xSlksa dks gekjh ukd ls rks nwj ys tkrh gSa
ysfdu vkdk'k esa mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa osQ fcyoqQy
u”knhd ys tkrh gSa!
ok;q esa /wy osQ d.k lnSo mifLFkr jgrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 4
vius fo|ky;@?kj esa /wi okyk ,d dejk [kksft,A
lkjs njok”ks rFkk f[kM+fd;k¡ can dj nsa rFkk insZ vkfn
Mkydj dejs esa iwjk va/sjk dj nsaA ftl fn'kk ls lw;Z
dk izdk'k vk jgk gS] ml vksj osQ njok”ks ;k
f[kM+dh dks fcyoqQy FkksM+k&lk [kksysa ftlls lw;Z dk
izdk'k ,d iryh&lh f>jhZ osQ }kjk dejs osQ vanj
vk losQA vanj vkrh gqbZ lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks
lko/kuhiwoZd nsf[k,A
Fig. 15.6 Air has oxygen
fp=k 15-6 ok;q esa vkWDlhtu gS
eksecÙkh
dk¡p dk fxykl
Page 4


15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
v
è;k; 9 esa geus ;g lh[kk gS fd lHkh
thoksa dks ok;q dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu D;k vkius dHkh ok;q dks ns[kk gS\
vkius dHkh ugha ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu fu'p; gh ok;q
dh mifLFkfr dbZ rjhdksa ls vuqHko dh gksxhA bls
vki rc vuqHko djrs gSa tc isM+ksa dh ifÙk;k¡ [kM+[kM+krh
gSa ;k diM+s lq[kkus okys rkj ij yVosQ diM+s èkhjs&èkhjs
fgyrs gSaA ia[ks osQ pkyw gkssus ij [kqyh iqLrd osQ i`"B
vkok”k djus yxrs gaSA ok;q osQ cgus osQ dkj.k gh
vkidh irax dk mM+uk laHko gksrk gSA D;k vkidks
vè;k; 5 dk fØ;kdyki 3 ;kn gS ftlesa vkius jsr
vkSj cqjkns dks fu"ikou }kjk vyx fd;k Fkk\ fu"ikou
dh izfØ;k cgrh ok;q esa vfèkd izHkkoh gksrh gSA
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd rwI
+
kQkuksa osQ le; ok;q cgqr
rs”k xfr ls pyrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks ;g isM+ksa dks Hkh
m[kkM+ nsrh gS rFkk Nrksa osQ Åijh fgLlksa dks Hkh
mM+kdj ys tkrh gSA
D;k vki dHkh fiQjdh ls [ksys gSa (fp=k 15-1)\
fp=k 15-1 fofHkUu izdkj dh fiQjfd;k¡
fp=k 15-2 ,d lk/kj.k fiQjdh cukuk
fp=k 15-3 okrlwpd
15-1 D;k ok;q gekjs pkjksa vksj gj
  txg mifLFkr gS\
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki
dhft,A
fØ;kdyki 2
dk¡p dh ,d [kqyh gqbZ [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g
okLro esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vc bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vkxs&ihNs dhft,A nsf[k,] D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k fiQjdh ?kwerh gS\ fiQjdh dks
dkSu ?kqekrk gS\ D;k bls ok;q ugha ?kqek jgh gS\
D;k vkius okrlwpd dks ?kwers gq, ns[kk gS
(fp=k 15-3)\ ;g ml fn'kk esa #d tkrk gS ftlesa
fd ml LFkku ij ok;q py jgh gksrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1
vkb,] fp=k 15-2 esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ge
viuh ,d fiQjdh cukrs gSaA
fiQjdh dh MaMh dks idfM+, vkSj mls ,d [kqys
{ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu fn'kkvksa esa jf[k,A bls FkksM+k
vc cksry osQ [kqys eq[k dks ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ
ckYVh esa fp=k 15-4 osQ vuqlkj Mqcks,¡A cksry dks
è;ku ls nsf[k,A D;k ikuh cksry osQ vanj izos'k
djrk gS\ vc cksry dks FkksM+k&lk frjNk dhft,A
D;k vc ikuh cksry esa izos'k djrk gS\ D;k vki
cksry esa ls oqQN cqycqys ckgj vkrs ns[krs gSa ;k
cqncqnkgV lqukbZ nsrh gS\ D;k vc vki vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd cksry osQ vanj D;k Fkk\
 gk¡! vki lgh gSasA ;g ok;q gS tks fd cksry esa
mifLFkr FkhA cksry iwjh rjg ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
[kkyh ugha FkhA okLro esa bls myVus ij Hkh ;g iwjh
rjg ls ok;q ls Hkjh gqbZ FkhA blfy, vki ns[krs gSa
fd tc cksry mYVh fLFkfr esa gksrh gS] ikuh cksry
esa izos'k ugha djrk D;ksafd ok;q osQ fudyus osQ fy,
dksbZ txg ugha gksrhA tc cksry dks frjNk djrs gSa
rks ok;q cqycqyksa osQ :i esa ckgj vkrh gS vkSj ok;q
osQ fudyus ls [kkyh gq, Hkkx esas ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q LFkku ?ksjrh gSA
;g cksry osQ iwjs LFkku esa Hkj tkrh gSA ;g gekjs pkjksa
vksj mifLFkr gSA ok;q dk dksbZ jax ugha gksrkA ge
blosQ vkj&ikj ns[k ldrs gaSA ;g ikjn'khZ gksrh gSA
gekjh i`Foh ok;q dh ,d iryh ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ
gSA bl ijr dk foLrkj i`Foh dh lrg ls
dbZ fdyksehVj Åij rd gS rFkk bls ok;qeaMy
dgrs gSaA
fp=k 15-4 ,d [kkyh cksry ls iz;ksx
fp=k 15-5 ioZrkjksgh vius lkFk vkWDlhtu
dk flfyaMj ys tkrs gSa
tSls&tSls ge ok;qe.My esa i`Foh osQ ry ls
mQij dh vksj tkrs gSa] ok;q fojy gksrh tkrh gSA D;k
vc vki fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd ioZrkjksgh Å¡ps ioZrksa
ij p<+rs le; vkWDlhtu dk flfyaMj vius lkFk D;ksa
ys tkrs gSa (fp=k 15-5)\
15-2 ok;q fdlls cuh gS\
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd yksx lksprs Fks fd ok;q osQoy
,d gh inkFkZ gSA iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k gS fd
okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA ok;q vusd xSlksa dk ,d
feJ.k gSA ;g feJ.k fdl izdkj dk gS\ vkb,]
,d&,d djosQ bl feJ.k osQ eq[; vo;oksa osQ ckjs
esa irk yxkrs gSaA
tyok"i
geus igys i<+k gS fd ok;q esa tyok"i fo|eku
gksrh gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd tc ok;q fdlh
BaMs i`"B osQ laioZQ esa vkrh gS rks blesa mifLFkr
tyok"i BaMh gkssdj la?kfur gks tkrh gS rFkk ty
dh cw¡nsa BaMs i`"B ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA izÑfr esa
typØ osQ fy, ok;q esa tyok"i dk mifLFkr gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA
vkWDlhtu
fØ;kdyki 3
vius f'k{kd dh mifLFkfr esa ,d leku yackbZ dh
nks eksecfÙk;k¡ es”k ij yxk,¡ vkSj mUgsa tyk ysaA buesa
ls ,d eksecÙkh ij dk¡p dk ,d fxykl mYVk
djosQ j[k nsaA nksuksa eksecfÙk;ksa dks è;ku ls ns[ksaA D;k
nksuksa eksecfÙk;k¡ yxkrkj tyrh jgrh gSa ;k cq> tkrh
gSa\ vki ns[ksaxs fd tks eksecÙkh fxykl ls <dh Fkh
og oqQN nsj ckn cq> tkrh gS tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh
tyrh jgrh gSA bldk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS\
fopkj djsaA
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd fxykl ls <dh eksecÙkh
blfy, cq> tkrh gS D;ksafd ok;q dk og ?kVd tks
eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa lgk;d gS og lhfer gS vkSj
eksecÙkh tyus ls oqQN nsj ckn lekIr gks tkrk gSA
tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh dks yxkrkj ok;q feyrh jgrh
gSA ok;q dk og ?kVd tks tyus esa lgk;d gS og
vkWDlhtu dgykrk gSA
ukbVªkstu
eksecÙkh osQ cq>us osQ ckn Hkh D;k vkius ;g ns[kk
fd ok;q dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vc Hkh fxykl esa 'ks"k
jg tkrk gS\ ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd ok;q osQ oqQN
vo;o tyus esa lgk;d ugha gksrsA ok;q dk ,d
cM+k Hkkx (tks eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa mi;ksx ugha
gqvk) ukbVªkstu dgykrk gSA
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
,d can dejs esa tc dksbZ inkFkZ ty jgk gksrk gS rks
'kk;n vkius ?kqVu eglwl dh gksxhA ;g ?kqVu dejs esa
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh vf/d ek=kk ,d=k gksus osQ
dkj.k gqbZ tks fd yxkrkj fdlh oLrq osQ tyus osQ
dkj.k curh gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh ok;q dk ,d
NksVk vo;o dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM gksrk gSA ;g lykg
nh tkrh gS fd iQlyksa osQ vo'ks"k o lw[kh ifÙk;ksa dks
ugha tykuk pkfg,A D;ksafd blls ok;q iznwf"kr
gksrh gSA
/wy rFkk /qvk¡
b±/u rFkk inkFkks± osQ tyus ls /qvk¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrk
gSA /q,¡ esa oqQN xSlsa ,oa lw{e /wy d.k gksrs gSa tks
izk;% gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA bl dkj.k vki dkj[kkuksa
esa yach fpefu;k¡ ns[krs gSaA ;s fpefu;k¡ gkfudkjd
/q,¡ rFkk xSlksa dks gekjh ukd ls rks nwj ys tkrh gSa
ysfdu vkdk'k esa mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa osQ fcyoqQy
u”knhd ys tkrh gSa!
ok;q esa /wy osQ d.k lnSo mifLFkr jgrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 4
vius fo|ky;@?kj esa /wi okyk ,d dejk [kksft,A
lkjs njok”ks rFkk f[kM+fd;k¡ can dj nsa rFkk insZ vkfn
Mkydj dejs esa iwjk va/sjk dj nsaA ftl fn'kk ls lw;Z
dk izdk'k vk jgk gS] ml vksj osQ njok”ks ;k
f[kM+dh dks fcyoqQy FkksM+k&lk [kksysa ftlls lw;Z dk
izdk'k ,d iryh&lh f>jhZ osQ }kjk dejs osQ vanj
vk losQA vanj vkrh gqbZ lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks
lko/kuhiwoZd nsf[k,A
Fig. 15.6 Air has oxygen
fp=k 15-6 ok;q esa vkWDlhtu gS
eksecÙkh
dk¡p dk fxykl
D;k vki ;g ns[krs gSa fd lw;Z dh fdj.kksa esa
oqQN NksVs&NksVs pedhys d.k rs”kh ls ?kwe jgs gSa
(fp=k 15-7)\ ;s d.k D;k gSa\
vR;f/d lfnZ;ksa esa vkius isM+ dh ifÙk;ksa ls
Nudj vkrs gq, lw;Z osQ izdk'k fdj.kiqat dks ns[kk
gksxk] ftlesa /wy&d.k u`R; djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA
;g n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q esa èkwy osQ d.k Hkh
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ok;q esa /wy osQ d.k le; rFkk
LFkku osQ lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSaA
 tc ge ukd ls lk¡l ysrs gSa rks ge ok;q vanj
ysrs gSaA /wy osQ d.kksa dks 'olu&ra=k esa tkus ls
jksdus osQ fy, gekjh ukd esa NksVs&NksVs cky rFkk
'ys"ek mifLFkr gksrs gaSA
D;k vki ml iy dks ;kn dj ldrs gSa tc
vkiosQ vfHkHkkod us vkidks eq¡g ls lk¡l ysus osQ
dkj.k Mk¡Vk gks\ vxj vki eq¡g ls lk¡l ysaxs rks
igsyh tkuuk pkgrh gS fd vxj
ikjn'khZ 'kh'ks dh f[kM+fd;ksa dks
fu;fer :i ls lkiQ u fd;k tk, rks
og èkq¡èkyh D;ksa gks tkrh gSa\
fp=k 15-7 ok;q esa /wy osQ d.kksa dh mifLFkfr
dk lw;Z osQ izdk'k esa voyksdu
fp=k 15-8 HkhM+ Hkjs pkSjkgs ij ,d iqfyldehZ }kjk eq[kkSVk
igudj ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k
cw>ks tkuuk pkgrk gS fd vkx yxus
dh ?kVuk osQ le; tyrh gqbZ
oLrq osQ Åij dacy yisVus
dh lykg D;ksa nh tkrh gS\
cw>ks vkils ;g iwN jgk gS fd
fp=k 15-8 esa iqfyldehZ us eq[kkSVk
D;ksa iguk gS\
gkfudkjd /wy osQ d.k vkiosQ 'kjhj esa izos'k dj
tk,¡xsA
blls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd ok;q esa
oqQN xSlsa] ty&ok"i rFkk /wy osQ d.k fo|eku gksrs
gSaA ok;q esa eq[;r% ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu] FkksM+h ek=kk
esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk blls Hkh de ek=kk esa
vU; xSlksa dk feJ.k gksrk gSA rFkkfi ok;q dh
lajpuk esa LFkkuh; fHkUurk gks ldrh gSA ge ns[krs
gSa fd ok;q esa ukbVªkstu rFkk vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk
Page 5


15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
v
è;k; 9 esa geus ;g lh[kk gS fd lHkh
thoksa dks ok;q dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ysfdu D;k vkius dHkh ok;q dks ns[kk gS\
vkius dHkh ugha ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu fu'p; gh ok;q
dh mifLFkfr dbZ rjhdksa ls vuqHko dh gksxhA bls
vki rc vuqHko djrs gSa tc isM+ksa dh ifÙk;k¡ [kM+[kM+krh
gSa ;k diM+s lq[kkus okys rkj ij yVosQ diM+s èkhjs&èkhjs
fgyrs gSaA ia[ks osQ pkyw gkssus ij [kqyh iqLrd osQ i`"B
vkok”k djus yxrs gaSA ok;q osQ cgus osQ dkj.k gh
vkidh irax dk mM+uk laHko gksrk gSA D;k vkidks
vè;k; 5 dk fØ;kdyki 3 ;kn gS ftlesa vkius jsr
vkSj cqjkns dks fu"ikou }kjk vyx fd;k Fkk\ fu"ikou
dh izfØ;k cgrh ok;q esa vfèkd izHkkoh gksrh gSA
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd rwI
+
kQkuksa osQ le; ok;q cgqr
rs”k xfr ls pyrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks ;g isM+ksa dks Hkh
m[kkM+ nsrh gS rFkk Nrksa osQ Åijh fgLlksa dks Hkh
mM+kdj ys tkrh gSA
D;k vki dHkh fiQjdh ls [ksys gSa (fp=k 15-1)\
fp=k 15-1 fofHkUu izdkj dh fiQjfd;k¡
fp=k 15-2 ,d lk/kj.k fiQjdh cukuk
fp=k 15-3 okrlwpd
15-1 D;k ok;q gekjs pkjksa vksj gj
  txg mifLFkr gS\
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki
dhft,A
fØ;kdyki 2
dk¡p dh ,d [kqyh gqbZ [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g
okLro esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vc bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
vkxs&ihNs dhft,A nsf[k,] D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k fiQjdh ?kwerh gS\ fiQjdh dks
dkSu ?kqekrk gS\ D;k bls ok;q ugha ?kqek jgh gS\
D;k vkius okrlwpd dks ?kwers gq, ns[kk gS
(fp=k 15-3)\ ;g ml fn'kk esa #d tkrk gS ftlesa
fd ml LFkku ij ok;q py jgh gksrh gSA
fØ;kdyki 1
vkb,] fp=k 15-2 esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ge
viuh ,d fiQjdh cukrs gSaA
fiQjdh dh MaMh dks idfM+, vkSj mls ,d [kqys
{ks=k esa fHkUu&fHkUu fn'kkvksa esa jf[k,A bls FkksM+k
vc cksry osQ [kqys eq[k dks ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ
ckYVh esa fp=k 15-4 osQ vuqlkj Mqcks,¡A cksry dks
è;ku ls nsf[k,A D;k ikuh cksry osQ vanj izos'k
djrk gS\ vc cksry dks FkksM+k&lk frjNk dhft,A
D;k vc ikuh cksry esa izos'k djrk gS\ D;k vki
cksry esa ls oqQN cqycqys ckgj vkrs ns[krs gSa ;k
cqncqnkgV lqukbZ nsrh gS\ D;k vc vki vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd cksry osQ vanj D;k Fkk\
 gk¡! vki lgh gSasA ;g ok;q gS tks fd cksry esa
mifLFkr FkhA cksry iwjh rjg ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
[kkyh ugha FkhA okLro esa bls myVus ij Hkh ;g iwjh
rjg ls ok;q ls Hkjh gqbZ FkhA blfy, vki ns[krs gSa
fd tc cksry mYVh fLFkfr esa gksrh gS] ikuh cksry
esa izos'k ugha djrk D;ksafd ok;q osQ fudyus osQ fy,
dksbZ txg ugha gksrhA tc cksry dks frjNk djrs gSa
rks ok;q cqycqyksa osQ :i esa ckgj vkrh gS vkSj ok;q
osQ fudyus ls [kkyh gq, Hkkx esas ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q LFkku ?ksjrh gSA
;g cksry osQ iwjs LFkku esa Hkj tkrh gSA ;g gekjs pkjksa
vksj mifLFkr gSA ok;q dk dksbZ jax ugha gksrkA ge
blosQ vkj&ikj ns[k ldrs gaSA ;g ikjn'khZ gksrh gSA
gekjh i`Foh ok;q dh ,d iryh ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ
gSA bl ijr dk foLrkj i`Foh dh lrg ls
dbZ fdyksehVj Åij rd gS rFkk bls ok;qeaMy
dgrs gSaA
fp=k 15-4 ,d [kkyh cksry ls iz;ksx
fp=k 15-5 ioZrkjksgh vius lkFk vkWDlhtu
dk flfyaMj ys tkrs gSa
tSls&tSls ge ok;qe.My esa i`Foh osQ ry ls
mQij dh vksj tkrs gSa] ok;q fojy gksrh tkrh gSA D;k
vc vki fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd ioZrkjksgh Å¡ps ioZrksa
ij p<+rs le; vkWDlhtu dk flfyaMj vius lkFk D;ksa
ys tkrs gSa (fp=k 15-5)\
15-2 ok;q fdlls cuh gS\
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd yksx lksprs Fks fd ok;q osQoy
,d gh inkFkZ gSA iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k gS fd
okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA ok;q vusd xSlksa dk ,d
feJ.k gSA ;g feJ.k fdl izdkj dk gS\ vkb,]
,d&,d djosQ bl feJ.k osQ eq[; vo;oksa osQ ckjs
esa irk yxkrs gSaA
tyok"i
geus igys i<+k gS fd ok;q esa tyok"i fo|eku
gksrh gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd tc ok;q fdlh
BaMs i`"B osQ laioZQ esa vkrh gS rks blesa mifLFkr
tyok"i BaMh gkssdj la?kfur gks tkrh gS rFkk ty
dh cw¡nsa BaMs i`"B ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA izÑfr esa
typØ osQ fy, ok;q esa tyok"i dk mifLFkr gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA
vkWDlhtu
fØ;kdyki 3
vius f'k{kd dh mifLFkfr esa ,d leku yackbZ dh
nks eksecfÙk;k¡ es”k ij yxk,¡ vkSj mUgsa tyk ysaA buesa
ls ,d eksecÙkh ij dk¡p dk ,d fxykl mYVk
djosQ j[k nsaA nksuksa eksecfÙk;ksa dks è;ku ls ns[ksaA D;k
nksuksa eksecfÙk;k¡ yxkrkj tyrh jgrh gSa ;k cq> tkrh
gSa\ vki ns[ksaxs fd tks eksecÙkh fxykl ls <dh Fkh
og oqQN nsj ckn cq> tkrh gS tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh
tyrh jgrh gSA bldk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS\
fopkj djsaA
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd fxykl ls <dh eksecÙkh
blfy, cq> tkrh gS D;ksafd ok;q dk og ?kVd tks
eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa lgk;d gS og lhfer gS vkSj
eksecÙkh tyus ls oqQN nsj ckn lekIr gks tkrk gSA
tcfd nwljh eksecÙkh dks yxkrkj ok;q feyrh jgrh
gSA ok;q dk og ?kVd tks tyus esa lgk;d gS og
vkWDlhtu dgykrk gSA
ukbVªkstu
eksecÙkh osQ cq>us osQ ckn Hkh D;k vkius ;g ns[kk
fd ok;q dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vc Hkh fxykl esa 'ks"k
jg tkrk gS\ ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd ok;q osQ oqQN
vo;o tyus esa lgk;d ugha gksrsA ok;q dk ,d
cM+k Hkkx (tks eksecÙkh osQ tyus esa mi;ksx ugha
gqvk) ukbVªkstu dgykrk gSA
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
,d can dejs esa tc dksbZ inkFkZ ty jgk gksrk gS rks
'kk;n vkius ?kqVu eglwl dh gksxhA ;g ?kqVu dejs esa
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh vf/d ek=kk ,d=k gksus osQ
dkj.k gqbZ tks fd yxkrkj fdlh oLrq osQ tyus osQ
dkj.k curh gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh ok;q dk ,d
NksVk vo;o dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM gksrk gSA ;g lykg
nh tkrh gS fd iQlyksa osQ vo'ks"k o lw[kh ifÙk;ksa dks
ugha tykuk pkfg,A D;ksafd blls ok;q iznwf"kr
gksrh gSA
/wy rFkk /qvk¡
b±/u rFkk inkFkks± osQ tyus ls /qvk¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrk
gSA /q,¡ esa oqQN xSlsa ,oa lw{e /wy d.k gksrs gSa tks
izk;% gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA bl dkj.k vki dkj[kkuksa
esa yach fpefu;k¡ ns[krs gSaA ;s fpefu;k¡ gkfudkjd
/q,¡ rFkk xSlksa dks gekjh ukd ls rks nwj ys tkrh gSa
ysfdu vkdk'k esa mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa osQ fcyoqQy
u”knhd ys tkrh gSa!
ok;q esa /wy osQ d.k lnSo mifLFkr jgrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 4
vius fo|ky;@?kj esa /wi okyk ,d dejk [kksft,A
lkjs njok”ks rFkk f[kM+fd;k¡ can dj nsa rFkk insZ vkfn
Mkydj dejs esa iwjk va/sjk dj nsaA ftl fn'kk ls lw;Z
dk izdk'k vk jgk gS] ml vksj osQ njok”ks ;k
f[kM+dh dks fcyoqQy FkksM+k&lk [kksysa ftlls lw;Z dk
izdk'k ,d iryh&lh f>jhZ osQ }kjk dejs osQ vanj
vk losQA vanj vkrh gqbZ lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks
lko/kuhiwoZd nsf[k,A
Fig. 15.6 Air has oxygen
fp=k 15-6 ok;q esa vkWDlhtu gS
eksecÙkh
dk¡p dk fxykl
D;k vki ;g ns[krs gSa fd lw;Z dh fdj.kksa esa
oqQN NksVs&NksVs pedhys d.k rs”kh ls ?kwe jgs gSa
(fp=k 15-7)\ ;s d.k D;k gSa\
vR;f/d lfnZ;ksa esa vkius isM+ dh ifÙk;ksa ls
Nudj vkrs gq, lw;Z osQ izdk'k fdj.kiqat dks ns[kk
gksxk] ftlesa /wy&d.k u`R; djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA
;g n'kkZrk gS fd ok;q esa èkwy osQ d.k Hkh
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ok;q esa /wy osQ d.k le; rFkk
LFkku osQ lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSaA
 tc ge ukd ls lk¡l ysrs gSa rks ge ok;q vanj
ysrs gSaA /wy osQ d.kksa dks 'olu&ra=k esa tkus ls
jksdus osQ fy, gekjh ukd esa NksVs&NksVs cky rFkk
'ys"ek mifLFkr gksrs gaSA
D;k vki ml iy dks ;kn dj ldrs gSa tc
vkiosQ vfHkHkkod us vkidks eq¡g ls lk¡l ysus osQ
dkj.k Mk¡Vk gks\ vxj vki eq¡g ls lk¡l ysaxs rks
igsyh tkuuk pkgrh gS fd vxj
ikjn'khZ 'kh'ks dh f[kM+fd;ksa dks
fu;fer :i ls lkiQ u fd;k tk, rks
og èkq¡èkyh D;ksa gks tkrh gSa\
fp=k 15-7 ok;q esa /wy osQ d.kksa dh mifLFkfr
dk lw;Z osQ izdk'k esa voyksdu
fp=k 15-8 HkhM+ Hkjs pkSjkgs ij ,d iqfyldehZ }kjk eq[kkSVk
igudj ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k
cw>ks tkuuk pkgrk gS fd vkx yxus
dh ?kVuk osQ le; tyrh gqbZ
oLrq osQ Åij dacy yisVus
dh lykg D;ksa nh tkrh gS\
cw>ks vkils ;g iwN jgk gS fd
fp=k 15-8 esa iqfyldehZ us eq[kkSVk
D;ksa iguk gS\
gkfudkjd /wy osQ d.k vkiosQ 'kjhj esa izos'k dj
tk,¡xsA
blls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd ok;q esa
oqQN xSlsa] ty&ok"i rFkk /wy osQ d.k fo|eku gksrs
gSaA ok;q esa eq[;r% ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu] FkksM+h ek=kk
esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk blls Hkh de ek=kk esa
vU; xSlksa dk feJ.k gksrk gSA rFkkfi ok;q dh
lajpuk esa LFkkuh; fHkUurk gks ldrh gSA ge ns[krs
gSa fd ok;q esa ukbVªkstu rFkk vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk
D;k vki NksVs&NksVs cqycqys blls fpiosQ gq, ns[krs
gSa (fp=k 15-10)\
;s cqycqys ikuh esa ?kqyh gqbZ ok;q osQ dkj.k curs
gSaA tc vki ikuh xeZ djrs gSa rks ?kqyh gqbZ ok;q
cqycqyksa osQ :i esa ckgj vkrh gSA vki ikuh dks
;fn vkSj xeZ djrs gSa rks ikuh ok"i esa ifjofrZr gks
tkrk gS vkSj varr% mcyus yxrk gSA geus vè;k;
8 rFkk 9 esa i<+k gS fd tks tho ikuh esa jgrs gSa] os
'olu osQ fy, ikuh esa ?kqyh gqbZ vkWDlhtu dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
tks tho xgjh fe^h osQ vanj jgrs gSa] mUgsa Hkh
lk¡l ysus osQ fy, vkWDlhtu dh vko';drk gksrh
gS] D;k ,slk ugha gS\ os lHkh 'olu&fØ;k osQ fy,
vko';d ok;q dgk¡ ls izkIr djrs gSa\
fØ;kdyki 6
,d chdj ;k dk¡p osQ fxykl esa lw[kh fe^h dk
,d <syk yhft,A blesa ikuh Mkfy, vkSj voyksdu
dhft, fd D;k gksrk gS (fp=k 15-11)\ D;k vki
fe^h ls cqycqys fudyrs gq, ns[krs gSa\ ;s cqycqys
laosQr djrs gSa fd fe^h esa ok;q gksrh gSA
tc fe^h osQ <sys ij ikuh Mkyk tkrk gS rks
mlesa fo|eku ok;q foLFkkfir gks tkrh gS tks
cqycqyksa osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fe^h osQ vanj
ik, tkus okys tho ,oa ikS/ksa dh tM+sa 'olu osQ
fp=k 15-10 ty esa ok;q fo|eku gksrh gS
vf/d gksrh gSA okLro esa ;s nksuksa xSlas feydj ok;q
dk 99% Hkkx cukrh gaSA 'ks"k 1% esa dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM] oqQN vU; xSlsaa ,oa tyok"i gksrh gSa
(fp=k 15-9)A
15-3 ikuh rFkk feêðh esa jgus okys thoksa
vkSj ikS/ksa dks vkWDlhtu oSQls fey
ikrh gS\
fØ;kdyki 5
fdlh /krq ;k dk¡p osQ crZu esa FkksM+k ikuh yhft,A
bldks èkhjs&/hjs xeZ djsaA ikuh osQ mcyus ls igys
lkoèkkuhiwoZd ik=k osQ vanj dh lrg dks nsf[k,A
igsyh tkuuk pkgrh gS fd D;k ;s NksVs&NksVs
ok;q osQ cqycqys rc Hkh fn[kkbZ nsaxs] ;fn ge
ok;q&jks/h cksry esa j[ks BaMs fd, gq, mcys
gq, ikuh dks iqu% xeZ djds bl fØ;kdyki
dks djrs gSaA vxj vki bldk mÙkj
ugha tkurs rks ,slk dhft, vkSj nsf[k,A
fp=k 15-9 ok;q dh lajpuk
vkWDlhtu
ukbVªkstu
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
tyok"i ,oa nwljh xSlsa
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