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BIRTH OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC: Germany fought the First World War (1914–1918) along
with the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia).
Germany initially made gains by occupying France and Belgium. However, the Allies won
defeating Germany and the Central Powers in 1918.
A National Assembly met at Weimer and established a democratic constitution with a federal
structure. The republic, however, was not received well by its own people largely because of the
terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War. Many
Germans held the new Weimer Republic responsible for not only the defeat in the war but the
disgrace at Versailles.
The Effects of the War — The war had a devastating impact on the entire continent both
psychologically and financially. From being a creditor, Europe became a debtor. The supporters
of the Weimer Republic were criticised and became easy targets of attack in the conservative
nationalist circles. Soldiers came to be placed above civilians. Aggressive war propaganda and
national honour became important.
Political Radicalism and Economic Crisis: The birth of the Weimer Republic coincided with
the uprising of the Spartacist League on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The
Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.
Political radicalisation was heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. As Germany refused to
pay the war reparations, France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr. Germany retaliated
with printing paper currency recklessly. The value of the mark collapsed. Prices of goods soared.
There was hyperinflation.
The Years of Depression
1924–1928 saw some stability, yet it was built on sand. Germany was totally dependent on
short- term loans, largely from the USA. This support was withdrawn with the crash in 1929 of
the Wall Street Exchange. German economy was hit badly. The middle class and working
population was filled with the fear of proletarianisation.
The Weimer Republic had some inherent defects :
1. Proportional Representation
2. Article 48 — which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights
and rule by decree.
HITLER’S RISE TO POWER
Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He earned many medals for bravery in the First World War.
The German defeat horrified him. The Treaty of Versailles made him furious. He joined the
German Workers Party and renamed it National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This later
came to be known as the Nazi Party.
Nazism became a mass movement only during the Great Depression. The Nazi propaganda
stirred hopes of a better future. Hitler was a powerful and effective speaker. He promised the
people a strong nation where all would get employment.
The Destruction of Democracy — Hitler achieved the highest position in the cabinet of
ministries on 30 January 1933. Hitler now set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule.
The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and
assembly. Communists were hurriedly packed off to new established concentration camps. All
political parties were banned. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control
the people and rule with impunity.
Reconstruction: Economist Hjalmar Schacht was given the responsibility of economic recovery.
This was to be done through a state funded work creation programme.
Hitler pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and
integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan: One people, One empire, One leader.
He then took Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia. Hitler had the unspoken support of England.
Hitler did not stop here. He chose war as a way out of the Economic Crisis.
Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory. In September 1940 Germany
invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England. USA resisted involvement in the
war. But when Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombarded Pearl Harbour, the USA
entered the war. The war ended in 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and the US bombing of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in Japan.
THE NAZI WORLD VIEW: According to Nazi ideology there was no equality between people, but
only racial hierarchy. The Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive
racial community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were considered
undesirable. They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. Jews, gypsies, blacks,
Russian, Poles, even certain Germans and abnormal were considered undesirable.
The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living
space.
Jews were the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. Hitler believed in pseudoscientific theories of
race which said that conversion was no solution to the Jewish problem. It had to be solved
through their total elimination.
From 1933–1938 — the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them
to leave the country.
The next phase, 1939–1945, aimed at concentrating them in certain areas and then killing them
in gas chambers in Poland.
The Racial Utopia: Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin. Occupied Poland was
divided. Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties behind to be occupied by ethnic
Germans brought in from occupied Europe.
YOUTH IN NAZI GERMANY: Hitler felt that a strong Nazi society could be established by
teaching Nazi ideology to children. All schools were given German teachers. Children were
divided into two groups — desirable and undesirable. Textbooks were rewritten, functions of sports in schools was to nurture the spirit of violence and aggression. Ten-year-olds had to enter
Jungvolk. At 14, all boys joined ‘Hitler Youth’, they joined the Labour Service at 18.
The Nazi Cult of Motherhood — Women were told to be good mothers and rear pure blooded
Aryan children. They were encouraged to produce many children.
The Art of Propaganda — The Nazi regime used language and media with care and often to
great effect. They used films, pictures, radio, posters, etc. to spread hatred for Jews.
Crimes against Humanity — People saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke the Nazi
language. At times even the Jews began to believe in the Nazi stereotypes about them.
Knowledge about the Holocaust —It was only after the war ended that people came to know
about what had happened. The Jews wanted the world to know about the atrocities and
sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations. They just wanted to live, even if
it was for a few hours, to tell the world about the Holocaust.
FAQs on Nazism and the rise of Hitler - Class 9
| 1. What is Nazism and how did it contribute to the rise of Hitler? |  |
Ans. Nazism refers to the political ideology associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s. It emphasized extreme nationalism, racial purity, and the authoritarian rule of a dictator. The rise of Hitler can be attributed to various factors such as economic instability, resentment towards the Treaty of Versailles, propaganda, and the exploitation of anti-Semitic sentiments. Hitler's charismatic leadership and strategic use of propaganda helped him gain popularity and eventually seize power in Germany.
| 2. How did Hitler gain support from the German population? | |
Ans. Hitler gained support from the German population through various means. He effectively used propaganda to promote his ideologies and manipulate public opinion. The Nazi Party organized mass rallies and public events, which showcased Hitler's charisma and projected an image of strength and unity. Hitler also promised to restore Germany's economy and national pride, which resonated with many Germans who were disillusioned by the economic hardships and humiliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Additionally, Hitler targeted specific groups, such as the unemployed, veterans, and the middle class, offering them solutions and scapegoats for their problems.
| 3. What were the key events that led to Hitler's rise to power? | |
Ans. Several key events contributed to Hitler's rise to power. The Great Depression of 1929 severely impacted Germany's economy, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty. This created an opportune environment for Hitler to gain support by promising economic stability and employment opportunities. The failure of the Weimar Republic, the German government at the time, to effectively address these issues further discredited the existing political system and increased support for Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Reichstag fire in 1933, allegedly carried out by a communist, provided Hitler with an opportunity to consolidate power by suppressing political opposition and increasing control over the state apparatus.
| 4. How did the Nazi Party enforce their ideologies and suppress opposition? | |
Ans. The Nazi Party enforced their ideologies and suppressed opposition through various means. They established a totalitarian state, controlling every aspect of public life. The Gestapo, the secret police, conducted surveillance, arrested political opponents, and silenced dissent. The Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler and his government the power to pass laws without consulting the Reichstag, effectively eliminating any checks and balances. The Nazi Party also implemented a system of propaganda, censorship, and indoctrination to manipulate public opinion and maintain control over the population. Opposition parties were banned, trade unions dissolved, and individuals who opposed the regime were persecuted, imprisoned, or sent to concentration camps.
| 5. What were the consequences of Hitler's rule and the Nazi regime? | |
Ans. Hitler's rule and the Nazi regime had far-reaching consequences. The Holocaust, the systematic genocide of six million Jews and millions of other individuals, remains one of the darkest chapters in human history. Hitler's aggressive foreign policies led to the outbreak of World War II, resulting in the deaths of millions and widespread destruction. The Nazi regime's policies of racial superiority, persecution, and eugenics violated human rights and left a profound impact on global politics and society. The atrocities committed under Hitler's rule led to the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations and efforts to ensure the protection of human rights and prevent such horrors from happening again.
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