Page 2
own antecedents, the trends that have given shape to their own vision and
method.A few attempts have been made recently, but they are mainly concerned
with extolling or debunking the historical writings of the past rather than
evaluating them. This situation is unfortunate, as it has prevented the students
of history from forming an objective and critical judgement of the historical
studies done in the past and suggesting possible directions for the future of
historical research in Kerala.The ordinary reader is also unable to form an
opinion about the value of historical writings.Value judgement and opinion
formed by historians from time to time, on the basis of the available evidence
and the accepted methods of historical enquiry prevalent at the time of their
study, have been paraded as ‘facts’.Such ‘facts’ have contributed to the popular
conceptions about Kerala’s past. Some of these facts and judgements are
uncritically accepted by the students and researchers, which has come in the
way of an objective analisis of the work of the historians themselves.A serious
effort at a detailed historiographical study is essential in these
circumstances.The present module is only intended to delioneate some of the
major features of history writing in Kerala and the current problems of witing
the history of Kerala.
Mushaka Vamsa by Athula during the 11
th
century is one of the rare
historical works of the early period.The work belongs to the Kavya tradition of
historical studies.Athula, the court poet of the Mushaka (Elimala in Northern
Kerala) ruler Srikantha, was basing himself on legends and courtly tradition
regarding the foundation and growth of Elimala Kingdom.This poem is
structurally similar to Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa, but in the presentation of
historical detail, the poem is similar to Rajatarangini by Kalhana, a history of
the kings of Kashmir composed during the 12
th
century A.D. A similarity
between the two poems is striking, considering the distance that separated their
composition.It is generally considered as the first historical chronicle of Kerala.It
is a unique work since no other work of this type belonging to the earlier period
has been found so far.It has to be noted that the commonly accepted first
164
Page 3
own antecedents, the trends that have given shape to their own vision and
method.A few attempts have been made recently, but they are mainly concerned
with extolling or debunking the historical writings of the past rather than
evaluating them. This situation is unfortunate, as it has prevented the students
of history from forming an objective and critical judgement of the historical
studies done in the past and suggesting possible directions for the future of
historical research in Kerala.The ordinary reader is also unable to form an
opinion about the value of historical writings.Value judgement and opinion
formed by historians from time to time, on the basis of the available evidence
and the accepted methods of historical enquiry prevalent at the time of their
study, have been paraded as ‘facts’.Such ‘facts’ have contributed to the popular
conceptions about Kerala’s past. Some of these facts and judgements are
uncritically accepted by the students and researchers, which has come in the
way of an objective analisis of the work of the historians themselves.A serious
effort at a detailed historiographical study is essential in these
circumstances.The present module is only intended to delioneate some of the
major features of history writing in Kerala and the current problems of witing
the history of Kerala.
Mushaka Vamsa by Athula during the 11
th
century is one of the rare
historical works of the early period.The work belongs to the Kavya tradition of
historical studies.Athula, the court poet of the Mushaka (Elimala in Northern
Kerala) ruler Srikantha, was basing himself on legends and courtly tradition
regarding the foundation and growth of Elimala Kingdom.This poem is
structurally similar to Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa, but in the presentation of
historical detail, the poem is similar to Rajatarangini by Kalhana, a history of
the kings of Kashmir composed during the 12
th
century A.D. A similarity
between the two poems is striking, considering the distance that separated their
composition.It is generally considered as the first historical chronicle of Kerala.It
is a unique work since no other work of this type belonging to the earlier period
has been found so far.It has to be noted that the commonly accepted first
164
historical chronicle of India, Kalhana’s ‘Rajatarangini’ was written during the
12
th
century only, Mushaka Vamsa was written one century earlier.
The work is a blend of legends and facts.The author relys upon legends
and traditions for recording the early history of the Mushaka kingdom. But
when it comes to the more recent and contemporary periods the description
becomes more factual and historical.Atula relates the origin of the dynasty with
a traditional myth. According to this, the pregnant queen of Mahishmati escaped
to Ezhimala from the massacre of Parasurama.She gave birth to Ramaghata,
who eventually became the founder of the Mushaka kingdom. As he was born in
a mouse’s burrow, he got the name Ramaghata had built a capital called
Kolapattanam.According to Atula, Srikanta is the 118
th
ruler of the Mushaka
dynasty. The important kings referred by him are Nadan, Urgan, Vikramarama,
Jayamani and Valabha 11. It is assumed that the Nandan referred in the
Sangam literature may be the same Nandan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya. The
King Vikramarama is referred in the NarayanKannur inscription of 929
AD.There is a similarity between Ramaghata Moovan of the Sangam literature
and Ramaghata Mushikan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya.Nandan is
characterized as the one who is involved in worldly pleasures both in Mushaka
Vamsa Kavya and Akananuru of Sangam literature.The most important king of
the dynasty was Valabha II.He founded the ports of Marahi (Madayi) and
Vallabha Pattanam (Valapattanam).He is said to have helped the Cheras in their
fight against the Cholas.
Mushaka Vamsa Kavya is perhaps the earliest available Mahakavya in
Sanskrit. It has more than one thousand poems in fifteen cantos.The work gives
information about the penetration of the Cheras into the Ezhimala
kingdom.Atula has given the chronology of the Mushaka rulers from Ramaghata
to Srikanta.As he was a court poet, he naturally relates the genealogy of his king
with the yadavakula. The actual historical importance of his work is yet to be
evaluated. The actual import of Mushaka Vamsa in forming the tradition of
historical writing in Kerala has yet to be analysed.This poem stands almost
alone, as there has not been any evidence for a similar composition on the
165
Page 4
own antecedents, the trends that have given shape to their own vision and
method.A few attempts have been made recently, but they are mainly concerned
with extolling or debunking the historical writings of the past rather than
evaluating them. This situation is unfortunate, as it has prevented the students
of history from forming an objective and critical judgement of the historical
studies done in the past and suggesting possible directions for the future of
historical research in Kerala.The ordinary reader is also unable to form an
opinion about the value of historical writings.Value judgement and opinion
formed by historians from time to time, on the basis of the available evidence
and the accepted methods of historical enquiry prevalent at the time of their
study, have been paraded as ‘facts’.Such ‘facts’ have contributed to the popular
conceptions about Kerala’s past. Some of these facts and judgements are
uncritically accepted by the students and researchers, which has come in the
way of an objective analisis of the work of the historians themselves.A serious
effort at a detailed historiographical study is essential in these
circumstances.The present module is only intended to delioneate some of the
major features of history writing in Kerala and the current problems of witing
the history of Kerala.
Mushaka Vamsa by Athula during the 11
th
century is one of the rare
historical works of the early period.The work belongs to the Kavya tradition of
historical studies.Athula, the court poet of the Mushaka (Elimala in Northern
Kerala) ruler Srikantha, was basing himself on legends and courtly tradition
regarding the foundation and growth of Elimala Kingdom.This poem is
structurally similar to Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa, but in the presentation of
historical detail, the poem is similar to Rajatarangini by Kalhana, a history of
the kings of Kashmir composed during the 12
th
century A.D. A similarity
between the two poems is striking, considering the distance that separated their
composition.It is generally considered as the first historical chronicle of Kerala.It
is a unique work since no other work of this type belonging to the earlier period
has been found so far.It has to be noted that the commonly accepted first
164
historical chronicle of India, Kalhana’s ‘Rajatarangini’ was written during the
12
th
century only, Mushaka Vamsa was written one century earlier.
The work is a blend of legends and facts.The author relys upon legends
and traditions for recording the early history of the Mushaka kingdom. But
when it comes to the more recent and contemporary periods the description
becomes more factual and historical.Atula relates the origin of the dynasty with
a traditional myth. According to this, the pregnant queen of Mahishmati escaped
to Ezhimala from the massacre of Parasurama.She gave birth to Ramaghata,
who eventually became the founder of the Mushaka kingdom. As he was born in
a mouse’s burrow, he got the name Ramaghata had built a capital called
Kolapattanam.According to Atula, Srikanta is the 118
th
ruler of the Mushaka
dynasty. The important kings referred by him are Nadan, Urgan, Vikramarama,
Jayamani and Valabha 11. It is assumed that the Nandan referred in the
Sangam literature may be the same Nandan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya. The
King Vikramarama is referred in the NarayanKannur inscription of 929
AD.There is a similarity between Ramaghata Moovan of the Sangam literature
and Ramaghata Mushikan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya.Nandan is
characterized as the one who is involved in worldly pleasures both in Mushaka
Vamsa Kavya and Akananuru of Sangam literature.The most important king of
the dynasty was Valabha II.He founded the ports of Marahi (Madayi) and
Vallabha Pattanam (Valapattanam).He is said to have helped the Cheras in their
fight against the Cholas.
Mushaka Vamsa Kavya is perhaps the earliest available Mahakavya in
Sanskrit. It has more than one thousand poems in fifteen cantos.The work gives
information about the penetration of the Cheras into the Ezhimala
kingdom.Atula has given the chronology of the Mushaka rulers from Ramaghata
to Srikanta.As he was a court poet, he naturally relates the genealogy of his king
with the yadavakula. The actual historical importance of his work is yet to be
evaluated. The actual import of Mushaka Vamsa in forming the tradition of
historical writing in Kerala has yet to be analysed.This poem stands almost
alone, as there has not been any evidence for a similar composition on the
165
Perumals or any other Naduvali.The Cera kings were also lacking a prasasti
tradition. Northern do we have a composition in the local language, similar to
this work. There is no indication that Athula was influenced by Kalhana’s work.
Was he influenced by the heroic poetry of the Sangham age and the literature
attempting to account for the origin and growth of Colas and Pallavas? The
question of the antecedents of Athula’s work has to be studied in more
detail.However; Athula left no tradition of historical writing in Kerala. His own
account was a blend of legend and fact, the latter pertaining only to the
immediate predecessors of his own patron, His account of the penetration of the
Cera kingdom over Elimala and the roles performed by Mushaka kings both
inside their territories and visualistavisualist the Ceras, may have been based
on actual observation and interpretation.
Medieval accounts of Kerala, both indigenous and foreign, incorporated
the accounts of the past also.More systematic work in this respect began from
the 16
th
century.Joseph Kattanar, a native Christian priest from Kodungallur
who visited Rome during the beginning of the 16
th
century gave an account of
Kerala for the benefit of his European audience. The actual concern of Joseph
Kattanar evident throughout his writings.Joseph explains the history and
customs of Kerala Christians in terms of the history and customs prevalent in
the land.During the beginning of the 17
th
century Diogo Gonsalves, a Portuguese
priest resident at Kollam, wrote an account called Historia Da Malabar.Other
writing by the Portuguese and the Dutch incorporated historical accounts in
various forms. These works, probably, cannot be called ‘histories’ in the mosern
sense of the term, as they were not concerned with a rigorous examination of the
past of Kerala.They were mainly descriptions of the conditions of Kerala at the
time of their writing and the period immediately preceding it, with references to
the distant past limited to broad allusions.Their objectives in writing such
accounts were also different.Joseph Kattanar was primarily concerned with a
report on the conditions of Christians in Kerala to the Church of Rome, in which
he had to include a “historical” account of the Christian. This effort could only
166
Page 5
own antecedents, the trends that have given shape to their own vision and
method.A few attempts have been made recently, but they are mainly concerned
with extolling or debunking the historical writings of the past rather than
evaluating them. This situation is unfortunate, as it has prevented the students
of history from forming an objective and critical judgement of the historical
studies done in the past and suggesting possible directions for the future of
historical research in Kerala.The ordinary reader is also unable to form an
opinion about the value of historical writings.Value judgement and opinion
formed by historians from time to time, on the basis of the available evidence
and the accepted methods of historical enquiry prevalent at the time of their
study, have been paraded as ‘facts’.Such ‘facts’ have contributed to the popular
conceptions about Kerala’s past. Some of these facts and judgements are
uncritically accepted by the students and researchers, which has come in the
way of an objective analisis of the work of the historians themselves.A serious
effort at a detailed historiographical study is essential in these
circumstances.The present module is only intended to delioneate some of the
major features of history writing in Kerala and the current problems of witing
the history of Kerala.
Mushaka Vamsa by Athula during the 11
th
century is one of the rare
historical works of the early period.The work belongs to the Kavya tradition of
historical studies.Athula, the court poet of the Mushaka (Elimala in Northern
Kerala) ruler Srikantha, was basing himself on legends and courtly tradition
regarding the foundation and growth of Elimala Kingdom.This poem is
structurally similar to Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa, but in the presentation of
historical detail, the poem is similar to Rajatarangini by Kalhana, a history of
the kings of Kashmir composed during the 12
th
century A.D. A similarity
between the two poems is striking, considering the distance that separated their
composition.It is generally considered as the first historical chronicle of Kerala.It
is a unique work since no other work of this type belonging to the earlier period
has been found so far.It has to be noted that the commonly accepted first
164
historical chronicle of India, Kalhana’s ‘Rajatarangini’ was written during the
12
th
century only, Mushaka Vamsa was written one century earlier.
The work is a blend of legends and facts.The author relys upon legends
and traditions for recording the early history of the Mushaka kingdom. But
when it comes to the more recent and contemporary periods the description
becomes more factual and historical.Atula relates the origin of the dynasty with
a traditional myth. According to this, the pregnant queen of Mahishmati escaped
to Ezhimala from the massacre of Parasurama.She gave birth to Ramaghata,
who eventually became the founder of the Mushaka kingdom. As he was born in
a mouse’s burrow, he got the name Ramaghata had built a capital called
Kolapattanam.According to Atula, Srikanta is the 118
th
ruler of the Mushaka
dynasty. The important kings referred by him are Nadan, Urgan, Vikramarama,
Jayamani and Valabha 11. It is assumed that the Nandan referred in the
Sangam literature may be the same Nandan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya. The
King Vikramarama is referred in the NarayanKannur inscription of 929
AD.There is a similarity between Ramaghata Moovan of the Sangam literature
and Ramaghata Mushikan of the Mushaka Vamsa Kavya.Nandan is
characterized as the one who is involved in worldly pleasures both in Mushaka
Vamsa Kavya and Akananuru of Sangam literature.The most important king of
the dynasty was Valabha II.He founded the ports of Marahi (Madayi) and
Vallabha Pattanam (Valapattanam).He is said to have helped the Cheras in their
fight against the Cholas.
Mushaka Vamsa Kavya is perhaps the earliest available Mahakavya in
Sanskrit. It has more than one thousand poems in fifteen cantos.The work gives
information about the penetration of the Cheras into the Ezhimala
kingdom.Atula has given the chronology of the Mushaka rulers from Ramaghata
to Srikanta.As he was a court poet, he naturally relates the genealogy of his king
with the yadavakula. The actual historical importance of his work is yet to be
evaluated. The actual import of Mushaka Vamsa in forming the tradition of
historical writing in Kerala has yet to be analysed.This poem stands almost
alone, as there has not been any evidence for a similar composition on the
165
Perumals or any other Naduvali.The Cera kings were also lacking a prasasti
tradition. Northern do we have a composition in the local language, similar to
this work. There is no indication that Athula was influenced by Kalhana’s work.
Was he influenced by the heroic poetry of the Sangham age and the literature
attempting to account for the origin and growth of Colas and Pallavas? The
question of the antecedents of Athula’s work has to be studied in more
detail.However; Athula left no tradition of historical writing in Kerala. His own
account was a blend of legend and fact, the latter pertaining only to the
immediate predecessors of his own patron, His account of the penetration of the
Cera kingdom over Elimala and the roles performed by Mushaka kings both
inside their territories and visualistavisualist the Ceras, may have been based
on actual observation and interpretation.
Medieval accounts of Kerala, both indigenous and foreign, incorporated
the accounts of the past also.More systematic work in this respect began from
the 16
th
century.Joseph Kattanar, a native Christian priest from Kodungallur
who visited Rome during the beginning of the 16
th
century gave an account of
Kerala for the benefit of his European audience. The actual concern of Joseph
Kattanar evident throughout his writings.Joseph explains the history and
customs of Kerala Christians in terms of the history and customs prevalent in
the land.During the beginning of the 17
th
century Diogo Gonsalves, a Portuguese
priest resident at Kollam, wrote an account called Historia Da Malabar.Other
writing by the Portuguese and the Dutch incorporated historical accounts in
various forms. These works, probably, cannot be called ‘histories’ in the mosern
sense of the term, as they were not concerned with a rigorous examination of the
past of Kerala.They were mainly descriptions of the conditions of Kerala at the
time of their writing and the period immediately preceding it, with references to
the distant past limited to broad allusions.Their objectives in writing such
accounts were also different.Joseph Kattanar was primarily concerned with a
report on the conditions of Christians in Kerala to the Church of Rome, in which
he had to include a “historical” account of the Christian. This effort could only
166
be done in the background of the social conditions and practices in Malabar.
Hence, his account takes the form of a historicoanthropological form of enquiry.
TuhafatulMujahiddin written by Sheik Zainuddin in the 16
th
century
marks a new stage in the tradition of the historical writing in Kerala.The book, in
general depicts the Portuguese atrocities upon the natives of Malabar, especially
upon the Muslim community.Following the Arab tradition of historical writing,
Zainuddin gives the detailed chronology of the colonial domination of the
Portuguese in Malabar during the 15
th
and 16
th
centuries. The book was written
in Arabic and has been translated into many foreign and Indian languages in the
course of time. For very long time it was treated as an honest guide by the
foreigners to know about Kerala.The book was completed in 1583. Shaik
zainuddin was a native of Ponnani and he belonged to a family of religious
scholars. He dedicated the book the then Bijapur ruler Adil Shah!. Tuhafatul
Mujahiddin has an introduction and 4 separate parts. In the introduction the
author calls the Muslims to fight against the Portuguese.
The first part reminds the Muslims that it is their duty to fight against the
Portuguese as they were doing all types of atrocities.The relevant verses from the
Quran are included in this part in order to substantiate his argument.The
second part deals with the growth of Islam in Kerala and have a detailed
description about the ports in the western coast. The third part mentions about
the tolerant attitude of the Hindu rulers in Kerala towards the Muslims.It further
discusses the Hindu customs, caste system, pollution, marriage system,order of
succession, polyandry, dress, warfare etc. that had existed in Malabar during
those days. In general, this part provides a clear picture of the Kerala culture
during the 16
th
century. The fourth and final part of the book deals with the
colonial domination of the Portuguese in Kerala from 1498 to 1583. This part is
pure factual history.According to Zainuddin, the position of the Muslims in
Kerala was far better prior to the advent of the Portuguese.They were well
treated by the Hindu rulers.He states that due to the Portuguese rivalry the
Muslim traders lost their trade dominance in the western coast. Eventually the
religious belief and the war spirit of the Muslims declined. He further states that
167
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