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Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

Introduction to Research Approaches

Research approaches refer to systematic plans and procedures used to conduct research. They encompass methodologies such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, guiding the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to address specific research questions.

Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

   The different approaches are adopted to gain knowledge through research.

(a) Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy concerning abstract concepts like being, knowing, identity, time, and space, closely linked with epistemology.

(b) Ontology: Originally part of metaphysics, focusing on the nature of being and reality, encapsulating our perceptions of reality and its composition.

(c) Epistemology: The study of knowledge encompassing its origin, nature, extent, and methodologies. It delves into rationalism and empiricism.

(d) Axiology: A philosophical branch examining value judgments, particularly the researcher's own values impacting all research stages. It focuses on the research's 'aims' and moral assessment.

(e) Research Paradigms: Models that delineate the functions and relationships within a process, offering a framework for understanding and studying a subject. Two key paradigms are the positivist and interpretive paradigms, reflecting differences between natural and social sciences.

(f) Theory: A system of interconnected statements, including generalizations testable through empirical means, forming hypotheses that guide empirical measurements.

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1. Positivist Research Approach

The positivist research approach is a scientific method emphasizing objective measurements and observable phenomena. It relies on quantitative data, experiments, and statistical analysis to test hypotheses, seeking to uncover universal laws and relationships in a value-free, detached manner.

Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

Key Points:

  1. Positivism asserts that science operates deterministically, elucidating cause-and-effect relationships, contending that social sciences can attain the same scientific rigor as natural sciences.
  2. It employs a mechanistic approach, wherein researchers formulate hypotheses for validation or refutation through specific research methods.

  3. Scientific inquiry employs methods like sample selection, measurement, and analysis to objectively assess phenomena, striving for value neutrality.

  4. Positivism prioritizes empiricism, valuing objectivity and measurability in observations.

  5. Typically adopting a deductive approach, positivism emphasizes factual investigation, often utilizing quantitative research methodologies.

  6. Researchers maintain objectivity and minimal interaction with participants, ensuring the integrity of the study's findings.

  7. Positivism's ontology leans towards realism, while its epistemology adopts an objectivist stance.

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Historical Context: Coined by Auguste Comte, positivism finds its historical roots in the works of figures like Bacon, Locke, and Newton, extending into the contributions of later thinkers like Schlick and Carnap.

Limitation of Positivist Research Approach: 

  • Positivism regards empirical experience as the sole legitimate source of knowledge.
  • It overlooks empathy and neglects the subjective, personal, and interpretive dimensions inherent in social phenomena.
  • Its pursuit of an ideal and flawless scientific methodology and analysis is often deemed impractical.
  • Positivism occasionally dismisses metaphysics, advocating for knowledge whose purpose is solely to describe observed phenomena.

2. Post-Positivist Research 

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the focus of research has transitioned from 'reality' to 'critical reality'.

 Post-positivist research principles prioritize significance and the generation of fresh knowledge, extending support to dedicated social movements aiming to instigate change and promote social justice.

Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

Characteristics:

  • Research is broad rather than specialized, encompassing a diverse range of activities that qualify as research.
  • Theory and practice are intertwined. It's imperative not to disregard theory in favor of solely focusing on factual information.
  • Most post-positivists are constructivists, advocating that individuals construct their worldview based on their perceptions.
  • The researcher's motivations and dedication to the research project are pivotal and influence the outcomes.
  • The notion that research is solely about correct techniques for gathering and categorizing data is outdated. Research extends beyond predefined parameters.
  • Post-positivism underscores the importance of values, passion, and politics in research, primarily emphasizing qualitative or 'mixed' research approaches.
  • In post-positivism, the ontology leans towards critical realism, while the epistemology is characterized as 'modified objectivist'.

Post-positivist research encourages a holistic approach that integrates theory and practice, acknowledges the subjective construction of reality, and emphasizes the researcher's personal engagement and values. This perspective broadens the scope of research beyond traditional boundaries, fostering a more inclusive and socially conscious research environment.

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Differentiation between Positivism and Post-Positivism Approach to Research

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FAQs on Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

1. What is the difference between Positivist and Post-Positivist Research Approach?
Ans. Positivism is based on the idea that knowledge is derived from observable facts and experiences, while post-positivism acknowledges the role of values, beliefs, and interpretations in the research process.
2. How do Positivist and Post-Positivist Research Approaches differ in terms of their view on objectivity?
Ans. Positivist research emphasizes objectivity and the idea of a single truth, while post-positivist research acknowledges the presence of multiple perspectives and the influence of researchers' values and beliefs.
3. Can you provide an example of a research study that would align with a Positivist Research Approach?
Ans. A study that aims to measure the impact of a specific intervention on a group of participants using quantitative data analysis would align with a Positivist Research Approach.
4. How do Positivist and Post-Positivist Research Approaches differ in terms of their methodology?
Ans. Positivist research tends to rely on quantitative methods and statistical analysis, while post-positivist research is more open to qualitative methods and mixed-method approaches.
5. How do researchers decide whether to use a Positivist or Post-Positivist Research Approach for their study?
Ans. Researchers may consider factors such as the nature of their research question, the availability of data, and their own philosophical beliefs when deciding between a Positivist or Post-Positivist Research Approach.
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