Positivism & Post-Positivist Approach - Research Aptitude Notes

Introduction to Research Approaches

Research approaches refer to systematic plans and procedures used to conduct research. They encompass methodologies such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, guiding the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to address specific research questions.

   The different approaches are adopted to gain knowledge through research.

(a) Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy concerning abstract concepts like being, knowing, identity, time, and space, closely linked with epistemology.

(b) Ontology: Originally part of metaphysics, focusing on the nature of being and reality, encapsulating our perceptions of reality and its composition.

(c) Epistemology: The study of knowledge encompassing its origin, nature, extent, and methodologies. It delves into rationalism and empiricism.

(d) Axiology: A philosophical branch examining value judgments, particularly the researcher's own values impacting all research stages. It focuses on the research's 'aims' and moral assessment.

(e) Research Paradigms: Models that delineate the functions and relationships within a process, offering a framework for understanding and studying a subject. Two key paradigms are the positivist and interpretive paradigms, reflecting differences between natural and social sciences.

(f) Theory: A system of interconnected statements, including generalizations testable through empirical means, forming hypotheses that guide empirical measurements.

1. Positivist Research Approach

The positivist research approach is a scientific method emphasizing objective measurements and observable phenomena. It relies on quantitative data, experiments, and statistical analysis to test hypotheses, seeking to uncover universal laws and relationships in a value-free, detached manner.

Key Points:

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the focus of research has transitioned from 'reality' to 'critical reality'.

 Post-positivist research principles prioritize significance and the generation of fresh knowledge, extending support to dedicated social movements aiming to instigate change and promote social justice.

Characteristics:

• Research is broad rather than specialized, encompassing a diverse range of activities that qualify as research.
• Theory and practice are intertwined. It's imperative not to disregard theory in favor of solely focusing on factual information.
• Most post-positivists are constructivists, advocating that individuals construct their worldview based on their perceptions.
• The researcher's motivations and dedication to the research project are pivotal and influence the outcomes.
• The notion that research is solely about correct techniques for gathering and categorizing data is outdated. Research extends beyond predefined parameters.
• Post-positivism underscores the importance of values, passion, and politics in research, primarily emphasizing qualitative or 'mixed' research approaches.
• In post-positivism, the ontology leans towards critical realism, while the epistemology is characterized as 'modified objectivist'.

Post-positivist research encourages a holistic approach that integrates theory and practice, acknowledges the subjective construction of reality, and emphasizes the researcher's personal engagement and values. This perspective broadens the scope of research beyond traditional boundaries, fostering a more inclusive and socially conscious research environment.

Differentiation between Positivism and Post-Positivism Approach to Research