Order of words and clauses | English Grammar Class 8 PDF Download

Clauses

• This is the house where I was born.
• Clauses are of three kinds.

Noun Clauses

The noun clause does the work of a noun in the sentence. It is introduced by the following connectives:

• Pronouns: who, what, which, whom whose
  Example:
  • I know what he wants.
• Adverbs: when, where, why, how
  Examples:
  • I asked him where he was going.
  • I don’t know why he tells lies.
• Conjunctions: that, whether, if
  Examples:
  • I think that Shreya is speaking the truth.
  • I asked her whether she wanted to see a film.
  • That he is lazy is known to all.

A noun clause may be used:

• as a subject:
  • What you heard is not the truth.
  • Whether she will come is not known.
• as a compliment:
  • I think that he is very cunning.
  • I do not know where he lives.
• in apposition:
  • The rumor that the elections will be called off.
  • It is sure that Mohit will top the competition.

Adverb Clauses

• Adverbial clauses of condition
  There are four types of conditionals.
  
• Adverbial Clauses of Time
  Adverbial clauses of time are often called “time clauses’. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: when, before, until, since, than, as, the moment, till, as soon as, after
  Examples:
  • I met her when she visited India.
  • We will finish before the teachers asks for it.
  • She was washing clothes while I was watching TV.
• Adverbial Clauses of Place
  Adverbial clauses of place show the time of action. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: where, wherever, whither, whence, etc.
  Examples:
  • Wherever Mary went, her lamb would follow.
  • I want to go to a place where there is no traffic.
• Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
  Adverbial clauses of purpose show the purpose or the reason behind an action. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: that, so that, in order that, lest.
  Examples:
  • Look after yourself lest you fall ill.
  • Work hard so that you succeed.
• Adverbial Clauses of Reason
  Adverbial clauses of reason give the reason of an action. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: since, because, for, as, that
  Examples:
  • Because he was hard of hearing, he used hearing aids.
  • Since you are leaving tomorrow, I will help you pack.
• Adverbial Clauses of Manner
  Adverbial clauses of manner give the manner in which an action takes place. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: as, as…so, as if, as though
  Examples:
  • Gaurav will do as he is told.
  • I treat my pets as though they are my family.
• Adverb Clauses of Result
  Adverbial clauses of result show the consequence or result of an action. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunction: that
  Note: Adverbial clause of result may be preceded by so/such in the Principal Clause.
  Examples:
  • He is so naughty that nobody wants him around.
  • He talked so well that everyone wanted to befriend him.
• Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
  Adverbial clauses of comparison compare two actions or objects. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: than, as
  Examples:
  • Mini’s brother is not as kind as he is.
  • The tallest boy in the class is not taller than Rahul
• Adverbial Clauses of Contrast
  Adverbial clauses of contrast show the difference between two actions or objects. These clauses are introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions: though, although, even if, however, all the same
  Examples:
  • Though she is poor, he is educated.
  • Even though he worked hard, he could not qualify for the test.

Relative Clauses

• Restrictive Relative Clauses: A restrictive relative clause is essential in order to complete the meaning of the main clause.
  Example:
  • This house that I was talking about.
• Non-restrictive Relative Clauses: A non-restrictive relative clause adds definition to the main clause, but is not necessary for meaning. Non-restrictive relative clauses are set off by commas.
  Example:
  • That man, with the blue coat, is my uncle.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• The subject and the verb in a sentence should agree in number and person.
• Singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs.
• Example:
  She sings beautifully. (singular subject, singular verb)
  They sing in a choir. (plural subject, plural verb)

Order of Direct and Indirect Objects

• Direct objects receive the action of the verb directly, while indirect objects receive the action indirectly.
• The order is: subject-verb-indirect object-direct object.
• Example:
  She gave me a book. (subject-verb-indirect object-direct object)
  They bought their children new toys. (subject-verb-indirect object-direct object)

Order of Clauses

• Clauses are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb.
• Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence, while dependent clauses rely on an independent clause to make sense.
• Dependent clauses usually come before or after the independent clause.
• Example:
  Although it was raining, they went for a walk. (dependent clause-independent clause)
  They went for a walk although it was raining. (independent clause-dependent clause)

Inversion

• Inversion is the reversal of the usual order of words in a sentence for emphasis or to form a question.
• Inversion can occur with auxiliary verbs, adverbs, and negative adverbs.
• Example:
  Not only did she sing, but she also danced. (inversion with adverb)
  Did you see the movie? (inversion to form a question)