Painting of Tamil Nadu | Tamil Nadu State PSC (TNPSC): Preparation - TNPSC (Tamil Nadu) PDF Download

Introduction

Painting holds a special place in the evolution of human expression, serving as a crucial milestone in the development of cognitive abilities. It involves the use of lines and colors to create both abstract and realistic forms. Over time, the practice of painting evolved from simple abstract drawings to detailed depictions of real-world subjects. In Indian art, particularly in Tamil Nadu, painting is characterized by its strong lines and vivid colors, capturing both imaginary and conventional forms.

Evolution of Painting in Tamil Nadu

Early Beginnings

• Paintings in Tamil Nadu date back to ancient times, with early examples found in rock art. This form of art represents one of the earliest instances of human creativity in the region.
• Early Tamil Nadu artists used various materials such as cloth, leather, and ceramics. However, the most enduring forms are murals and ceramic art, which have survived through the ages.

Historical Significance

• The Vishnudharmottara, an important ancient text on Indian art and aesthetics, highlights painting as a highly esteemed art form. It emphasizes that painting contributes to spiritual and worldly goals such as dharma (righteousness), artha (prosperity), kama (pleasures), and moksha (liberation).

Tanjore Paintings

Overview

• Tanjore Painting is a renowned classical art form originating from the city of Thanjavur (formerly Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu. This style is distinguished by its dense composition, surface richness, and vibrant colors.
• Tanjore Paintings typically feature embellishments like semi-precious stones, pearls, and glass pieces, adding to their aesthetic appeal. The use of relief work gives these paintings a three-dimensional effect.

Historical Background

• This art form emerged during the 16th century under the Chola dynasty and was later patronized by the Maratha princes, Nayakas, Rajus of Tanjore and Trichy, and the Naidus of Madurai from the 16th to 18th centuries.
• Tanjore Paintings primarily depict Hindu deities and saints.

Creation Process

• The process begins with drawing a preliminary sketch on a cloth base, which is then pasted onto a wooden panel.
• A mixture of chalk powder or zinc oxide with an adhesive is applied to the base, followed by the drawing and ornamentation with cut glass, pearls, and semi-precious stones.
• The painting is further enhanced with gold sheets and bright colors.

Influences and Style

• Tanjore paintings emerged during a period of significant cultural exchange, integrating influences from Tamil, Telugu, Maratha, European, and Deccani traditions.
• The style is known for its syncretic nature, reflecting a blend of various cultural elements and artistic practices.

Tirupati Paintings

• Tirupati Paintings are created in the famous temple town of Tirupati using various media and techniques. Common forms include painted terracotta reliefs, brass repousse works, and paintings on paper and canvas.
• These paintings often depict deities and are sometimes gilded and gem-set, similar to Tanjore Paintings. They are typically framed and packaged in wooden boxes for use in worship.

Company Paintings

European Influence

• With the arrival of Europeans in India, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, local artists began producing paintings in a mixed Indo-European style.
• The Company style of paintings refers to works created for European patrons, characterized by a fusion of Indian and European artistic elements.

Distinct Features

• While Company Paintings have similarities to Tanjore Paintings, they often feature European influences in technique and style. Despite this, the essence of Tanjore Painting is evident in the work of artists commissioned by European patrons.

Conclusion

The tradition of painting in Tamil Nadu reflects a rich and diverse history, from ancient rock art to the refined techniques of Tanjore and Tirupati Paintings. This art form continues to be a vital part of Tamil Nadu's cultural heritage, showcasing the region's artistic evolution and the influence of various cultural interactions.