Period 7:1890-1945 | AP United States History - Grade 9 PDF Download

The Progressive Era and World War 1 (1900 - 1920)

The Populist and Progressive Movements

• The Populist Movement:
  • The Populist Movement emerged in the late 19th century, primarily representing farmers and agrarian interests.
  • It aimed to address the issues faced by farmers, such as high railroad rates and crop prices.
  • One of the key demands of the Populist Movement was the adoption of the free coinage of silver, which they believed would help increase the money supply.
• The Progressive Movement:
  • The Progressive Movement, which gained momentum in the early 20th century, focused on social and political reform.
  • Progressives sought to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption.
  • They advocated for reforms such as women's suffrage, workers' rights, and anti-trust legislation to promote fair competition.

Populists and Progressives

• Populists: Represented aggrieved farmers who advocated for radical reforms. They successfully engaged in local and national elections, inspiring others to pursue change through political means.
• Progressives: Progressives, who built upon the achievements of Populism, were urban, middle-class reformers aiming to involve the government in reform efforts. Their greater economic and political power led to more success with less accentuation of regional and class disparities compared to Populists.

Roots of Progressivism

• Roots of Progressivism: Originated from a growing number of associations and organizations. Its members, typically educated and middle class, were appalled by corruption and urban poverty. The movement received a significant boost from muckrakers who exposed corporate greed and misconduct.

Progressives' Achievements

• Progressives' Achievements: Progressives successfully influenced both local and national levels, advocating for advancements in education and government regulation. They formed new groups to combat discrimination, although with varying degrees of success. The women's suffrage movement notably gave rise to the feminist movement.
• Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette emerged as a pioneering figure among Progressive state leaders.

The Progressive Movement

• The Progressive Movement was spearheaded by President Theodore Roosevelt, who championed progressive income taxes to redistribute the nation's wealth.
• Working-class Progressives secured victories such as limitations on workdays, minimum wage laws, child labor regulations, and housing codes.
• The adoption of ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall elections marked significant democratic advancements during this era.

Urban, Middle-Class Reformers in Progressivism

• Urban, middle-class reformers were advocating for the government's involvement in reform.
• They achieved greater success due to their increased economic and political influence.
• Unlike the Populists, they did not exacerbate regional and class disparities to the same extent.

Roots of Progressivism

• Progressivism's origins lay in the rise of numerous associations and organizations.
• Its members were typically educated and middle class, motivated by a distaste for corruption and urban poverty.
• Muckrakers played a pivotal role by exposing corporate greed and misconduct.

Progressives' Initiatives and Achievements

• Progressives advocated for reforms at both local and national levels.
• They campaigned for improvements in education and sought government regulations.
• New groups emerged to combat discrimination, with varying degrees of success.
• The women's suffrage movement paved the way for the feminist movement.
• Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette stood out as a leader among Progressive state figures.

The Progressive Movement

• Both local and national level changes
• Campaigned for education and government regulation
• New groups formed to fight against discrimination with mixed success
• Women's suffrage movement led to the birth of the feminist movement
• Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette paved the way for Progressive state leaders

Prominent Aspects of the Progressive Movement

The Progressive Movement, spearheaded by President Theodore Roosevelt, introduced significant changes to American society aimed at addressing social and economic issues.

• Progressive income taxes were advocated to redistribute the nation's wealth more equitably.
• Working-class Progressives achieved victories such as limitations on the workday, the establishment of a minimum wage, child labor laws, and housing codes to improve living conditions.
• Key reforms included the adoption of ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall elections to enhance democratic processes and accountability.

Progressive Movement in the United States

• Key Leader: President Theodore Roosevelt
• Progressive Economic Policy: Implementation of progressive income taxes to fairly redistribute the nation's wealth
• Social Reforms by Work-Class Progressives: Achievements such as limitations on work hours, establishment of minimum wage laws, prohibition of child labor, and introduction of housing codes
• Innovative Political Practices: Adoption of ballot initiatives, referendums, and recall elections for increased citizen participation

President Theodore Roosevelt

• Role as a Progressive Leader: President Roosevelt emerged as a prominent figure advocating for progressive reforms
• Political Affiliation: He was the Republican Party's chosen candidate for vice president in the 1900 election
• Presidential Succession: Roosevelt assumed the presidency following President McKinley's assassination in 1901

Progressive Era Overview

• The Progressive Era was characterized by an increased federal government presence in daily life.
• Key progressive presidents during this era were Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.
• Significant reforms of the Progressive Era included conservation efforts, regulations on monopolies and trusts, and the establishment of federal standards in the food and drug industries.

Key Aspects of the Progressive Era

• Increased Federal Government Involvement:

• The Progressive Era saw a significant rise in the federal government's role in various aspects of daily life.

• Progressive Presidents:

• Notable progressive presidents were Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

• Reforms and Regulations:

• Reforms during this period included efforts in conservation, the regulation of monopolies and trusts, and the establishment of federal standards in the food and drug industries.

Teddy Roosevelt's Contributions

• Early Liberal Stance:

• At the onset of his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt displayed progressive tendencies and was the first to utilize the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies.

• 'Trustbuster' Title:

• He earned the nickname 'Trustbuster' for his endeavors to dismantle monopolies and promote fair competition.

• Legislation and Initiatives:

• He advocated for and oversaw the passage of significant acts such as the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act to safeguard the interests of workers and consumers.

• Natural Resource Conservation:

• Roosevelt's presidency also led to the establishment of the National Park Service and the National Forest Service, aimed at preserving the country's natural resources.

William Howard Taft's Contributions and Legacy

• Encouraged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act to safeguard the well-being of both workers and consumers
• Established the National Park Service and National Forest Service to preserve the nation's natural resources

William Howard Taft's Achievements and Notable Actions

• Pursued monopolies more assertively than Roosevelt
• Known for his "dollar diplomacy," which involved fostering positive relations with countries in Latin America and East Asia through financial aid
• Became the sole former U.S. president to be appointed as the 10th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, serving from 1921 to 1930
• Parted ways with Roosevelt during the 1912 Republican primary elections due to conflicting policies

1921-1930

• Split from Roosevelt in the 1912 Republican primary due to opposing policies

Woodrow Wilson

• Distinguished himself from Teddy Roosevelt with his policies referred to as New Freedom
• Argued that the federal government needed more control over business to safeguard freedom
• Committed to restoring competition through increased government regulation and tariff reduction
• Established the Federal Trade Commission, enforced the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, and contributed to creating the Federal Reserve System

Antitrust Act of 1914

• After World War I, the Progressive movement came to a close. This was influenced by significant events like the Spanish Flu outbreak of 1918 and the Red Scare.
• The culmination of these events marked the end of the Progressive Era.

End of Progressive Era

• The Progressive Era saw the achievement of many of its objectives. However, this success led to a decline in support from interest groups whose aims had been fulfilled.
• It is argued that the Progressive movement's own success played a role in its decline.

Foreign Policy and U.S. Entry into World War I

Foreign Policy Overview

• A brief on the foreign policy strategies adopted by the U.S. during World War I
• Explanation of how these strategies influenced the nation's entry into the war
• Examples showcasing diplomatic decisions that shaped U.S. foreign relations

Events Leading to U.S. Entry

• Detailed account of key events that propelled the U.S. towards involvement in World War I
• Analysis of the factors that swayed public opinion and governmental actions
• Illustrative examples of incidents that accelerated the U.S. declaration of war

Impact on Global Dynamics

• An exploration of how U.S. entry reshaped the dynamics of the global conflict
• Discussion on the repercussions of U.S. involvement on international alliances
• Examples demonstrating the aftermath of the U.S. joining the war effort

Domestic Ramifications

• Examination of how U.S. entry into World War I influenced domestic policies and society
• Insight into the economic, social, and political changes within the nation
• Examples highlighting the domestic impacts of wartime decisions

Roosevelt's Domestic and Foreign Policies

• Roosevelt's approach to domestic issues varied from his predecessor, yet his foreign policy closely resembled theirs.
• Roosevelt exhibited a strong imperialist stance, notably coercing Cuba into accepting the Platt Amendment, a move that effectively placed Cuba under American influence.
• During the years of 1906 to 1922, the United States maintained a presence in Cuba, a period that fueled anti-American sentiments within the country.
• In Central America, Roosevelt pursued interventionist strategies, notably overseeing the construction of a canal through the isthmus and backing the Panamanian revolution to secure favorable terms.

Platt Amendment

• The Platt Amendment symbolized a significant agreement that granted the United States substantial control over Cuba, marking a pivotal moment in Cuban-American relations.

US Involvement in Latin America

• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, popularly known as the Big Stick Policy, justified American military interventions across Latin America as responses to perceived threats to national security.

Woodrow Wilson's Presidency and US Entry into World War I

• Woodrow Wilson's victory in the 1912 election was underscored by a policy of neutrality, though challenges arose due to close ties with England and strained relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
• With the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Wilson initially maintained a neutral stance, a position complicated by the effective British blockade and German submarine warfare.
• The sinking of the Lusitania by a German submarine elicited widespread condemnation in the United States, influencing public opinion and government actions.
• Despite Wilson's efforts to keep the US out of the conflict, a series of events ultimately drew the nation into active participation in World War I.

Monroe Doctrine

• A core principle in American foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine asserts America's right to intervene in the Western Hemisphere to safeguard national security.
• Woodrow Wilson, following his election victory in 1912, initially pursued a policy of neutrality. However, this stance faced immediate challenges due to the close ties with England and the more distant relationships with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Woodrow Wilson and the Election of 1912

• Upon the outbreak of war in Europe, Wilson declared a stance of neutrality for the United States. This decision became complicated due to the strong alliance with England and their effective blockade.
• Germany, in response to the blockade, resorted to submarine warfare. The sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat resulted in widespread condemnation from both the government and the public.
• Wilson's efforts to avoid involvement in the war and the circumstances that eventually led the US into the conflict.

World War I and Its Consequences

World War I and Government Expansion of Power

• Government assumed control of the telephone, telegraph, and rail sectors.
• Established the War Industry Board (WIB) to manage industrial and agricultural production.
• WIB faced challenges with efficiency and speed, resulting in mixed outcomes.
• Restrictions were imposed on individual freedoms during the wartime period.

The Legislation: Espionage Act and Sedition Act

In World War I, Woodrow Wilson initially aimed to keep the United States out of the conflict, but various factors eventually led to American involvement in the war. This period of global conflict had significant implications, particularly in terms of the expansion of governmental authority.During the war, the government took charge of crucial communication and transportation sectors like telephone, telegraph, and rail industries. Additionally, the creation of the War Industry Board (WIB) was intended to coordinate industrial and agricultural production efforts. However, the WIB encountered challenges related to inefficiency and tardiness, impacting its overall effectiveness. Furthermore, the war necessitated the curtailment of certain civil liberties to ensure national security.In response to the wartime circumstances, the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were implemented, emphasizing the restriction of activities deemed disloyal or harmful to the war effort. These legislative measures were pivotal in regulating dissent and maintaining order during a period of heightened national tension. 

The Espionage Act and Sedition Act

• Congress enacted the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918 as responses to opposition against U.S. involvement in the war.
• The Espionage Act aimed to prevent interference with the war effort or draft through the U.S. mail system.
• The Sedition Act outlawed actions such as trying to hinder the sale of war bonds or speaking critically of the government, military, or Constitution.
• Despite violating the essence of the First Amendment, these laws were purposely ambiguous, granting significant interpretative authority to the courts.

Key Provisions

• Espionage Act of 1917: Prohibited any form of disruption to the war activities or conscription process via the postal service.
• Sedition Act of 1918: Criminalized efforts to impede the sale of war bonds or express derogatory remarks about governmental bodies.

Implications and Interpretations

• These laws, notably the Espionage Act and Sedition Act, raised significant concerns about free speech and government overreach.
• The vague language of the acts enabled the judiciary to broadly construe and apply them, impacting various forms of expression.

Schenck v. United States: This legal case played a pivotal role in shaping the interpretation and application of the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act.

Supreme Court and the Espionage Act

• The Supreme Court affirmed the Espionage Act in 1919 through several cases, notably Schenck v. United States.
• Charles Schenck was arrested and found guilty for violating the Espionage Act by distributing leaflets opposing the draft.
• The Supreme Court's decision emphasized that freedom of speech could be restricted if it presented a "clear and present danger" to others or the nation.

Suppression of Unpopular Ideas

• Legislation became a tool to suppress dissenting opinions, targeting those who expressed unpopular beliefs.
• The aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917 led to heightened fear of communist influence, fostering an era of suspicion.
• Radical labor unions and leaders were persecuted as enemies of the state, with some imprisoned.
• The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was established to counter perceived radical threats and prevent potential takeovers.

Radical Labor Unions and Leaders

• Radical labor unions and leaders were seen as enemies of the state and were imprisoned.
• A new government agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was established to prevent radical influences.

Business and Labor Union Changes

During this period, significant shifts occurred in the dynamics between businesses and labor unions.

• Business entities gained more authority, while labor unions experienced a decline in their power.
• The use of strikebreakers and aggressive tactics against unions escalated under the guise of eradicating radicalism.

The Palmer Raids

The Palmer Raids were a series of government actions carried out in the early 1920s to suppress perceived radical threats.

• In 1920, the government conducted raids on suspected radical groups nationwide, disregarding civil liberties.
• Agents raided various locations such as union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences.
• Despite numerous arrests in multiple cities, only a minimal amount of weapons or explosives were discovered.
• About 500 immigrants were eventually deported as a result of these raids.

Government Crackdown during World War I

• Government abandoned all pretense of upholding civil liberties, conducting raids on various locations like union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences.
• More than 10,000 individuals were apprehended across 30 cities, yet authorities discovered minimal quantities of weapons or explosives.
• Approximately 500 immigrants were eventually expelled from the country.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

• The government actively contributed to a frenzied atmosphere through its wartime propaganda entity, the Committee on Public Information (CPI).
• CPI messages escalated in sensationalism as the war evolved.
• The CPI played a role in shaping negative perceptions of Germans by portraying them as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry 'Huns' through various mediums like lectures, movie theaters, newspapers, and magazines.
• Americans rejected German culture to such an extent that even the name 'sauerkraut' was changed to 'liberty cabbage'.
• Acts of violence were directed towards German immigrants and Americans of German descent.

German Stereotypes During the War

• Creation of Negative Stereotypes

• During the wartime, Germans were portrayed as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns through various mediums such as lectures, movie theaters, newspapers, and magazines.

• American Rejection of German Culture

• As a result of anti-German sentiment, Americans rejected all things German, even going as far as changing the name of sauerkraut to "liberty cabbage".

• Violence Against German Immigrants

• There were acts of violence targeted at German immigrants and Americans of German descent during this period, reflecting the height of xenophobia and hostility.

Wartime Opportunities for Women

• Shift in Employment Trends

• Women experienced a significant shift in employment patterns during the war. Many women transitioned from domestic work to factory jobs, with at one point, 20% of factory jobs being held by women.

• Impact on Workplace Dynamics
• 
  
  • Initial Advancements

  • Women's move to factory work led to a temporary transformation in workplace demographics, but these advances regressed with the return of male veterans after the war.

The Great Migration

• Black Southern people migrated to the North for employment in wartime industries.
• Over 500,000 Black individuals relocated from the South in search of work opportunities.
• Many Black people enlisted in the army, influenced by W. E. B. Du Bois's advocacy for social equality.
• 
  
  • The army segregated and predominantly assigned Black soldiers to menial tasks.
  • Fearing integration, Black combat units were placed under French command.

End of World War I

• America's involvement shifted the balance in favor of the Allies.
• After two years of America joining the war, Germany was prepared to discuss a peace agreement.
• President Wilson's Fourteen Points formed the basis for initial peace talks. These points advocated for concepts like free trade, disarmament, self-determination, the end of colonialism, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles and its Aftermath

• The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, leading to its humiliation and economic devastation.
• The League of Nations was established, although many aspects of Wilson's original plan were disregarded.

Domestic Challenges in the United States

• President Wilson's return faced opposition regarding the League of Nations, particularly in the Senate.
• The Senate divided into three groups: Democrats supporting the League, Irreconcilables opposing it, and Reservationists seeking a compromise.
• Ultimately, due to disagreements, the US did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles and never became a member of the League of Nations.

Shift towards Isolationism

• America shifted towards a policy of isolationism after the failed treaty negotiations.
• President Wilson's efforts to garner public support were hampered by a severe stroke, leading to the treaty's ultimate failure.

Summary of Historical Events

• Woodrow Wilson's Vision
• 
  
  • Advocated for concepts like free trade, reduction of arms, self-determination, and the end of colonialism.
  • Proposed the establishment of the League of Nations to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.
• Treaty of Versailles
• 
  
  • Imposed severe penalties on Germany, leading to its humiliation and economic hardships.
  • Established the League of Nations, although many aspects of Wilson's original plan were not included.
• Wilson's Challenges
• 
  
  • Upon his return to the US, Wilson faced opposition regarding the League of Nations.
  • The Senate debated Article X, which some believed would compromise America's sovereignty in foreign affairs.
  • The Senate was divided into Democrats (pro-League), Irreconcilables (opposed), and Reservationists (seeking a compromise).
  • The Democrats and Irreconcilables rejected the treaty with Lodge Reservations, leading to the US not joining the League of Nations.
  • America subsequently entered a phase of isolationism, staying out of international affairs.

Senate Debate Over Article X and America's Isolationism

• The Senate debate concerning Article X restricted America's independence in foreign affairs.
• The Senate was divided into Democrats (pro-League), Irreconcilables (opposed), and Reservationists (compromise).
• Dems and Irreconcilables jointly opposed the treaty with Lodge Reservations.
• The US chose not to sign the Treaty of Versailles and never became a part of the League of Nations.
• America then entered a phase of isolationism.
• President Wilson tried to garner public support but faced a severe stroke, leading to the failure of the treaty.

Possible Success of League of Nations

• Speculation exists on whether the League could have prevented World War II if the US had been a member.

The Jazz Age and The Great Depression (1920-1933)

The era following World War I witnessed significant cultural and economic shifts.

Impact of the Jazz Age:

• The Jazz Age marked a period of cultural revolution, with jazz music, dance, and literature flourishing.
• This era saw the rise of iconic figures like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, shaping the music scene.

The Great Depression:

• The Great Depression, triggered by the 1929 stock market crash, plunged the world into an economic crisis.
• This era was characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, and a drastic decline in industrial production.

American Economy Overview

• Brief downturn in the American economy
• Rapid economic growth starting from 1922
• Prosperity driven by the electric motor
• Emergence of new industries catering to the middle class

Effects of Pro-Business Republican Administrations

• Increased societal comfort with large, successful businesses
• Department stores and the automobile industry providing convenience and social status
• Government increasingly supporting business interests rather than regulating them
• Decline in support for labor unions, with strikes being suppressed by federal intervention
• Supreme Court actions nullifying child labor restrictions and minimum wage laws for women

Woodrow Wilson and Race

• Woodrow Wilson was known for his strong support of racial segregation and was an outspoken white supremacist.
• He implemented policies that segregated the federal government and even expressed admiration for the Ku Klux Klan.
• Wilson's behavior was marked by telling racist jokes during Cabinet meetings.
• Subsequent presidents such as Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover focused on pro-business policies.

Harding, Coolidge, Hoover

• The Teapot Dome Scandal tarnished their administrations due to corruption within the cabinet.
• Harding leaned towards liberal civil liberties, while Coolidge's presidency was characterized by "Coolidge prosperity" and a continuation of conservative economic approaches.

Decline of Labor Unions

Labor unions faced a decline in influence and power over time.

Factors contributing to this decline include:

• Globalization leading to the outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs.
• Automation and technological advancements reducing the need for human labor in various industries.
• Anti-union legislation and a shift in public opinion towards unions affecting their ability to organize and negotiate effectively.
• In some cases, internal conflicts within unions weakened their unity and bargaining power.

Labor Unions in Pro-Business Atmosphere

• Decline in Popularity of Labor Unions:

• The pro-business environment contributed to a decrease in the appeal and influence of labor unions.

• Drop in Membership Levels:

• Membership in labor unions experienced a significant decrease throughout the decade.

• Business Strategies to Attract Workers:

• Companies implemented strategies such as offering pension plans, profit sharing, and organizing company events to attract and retain workers.

• Welfare Capitalism Concept:

• This approach, known as welfare capitalism, involved businesses providing various benefits to employees beyond wages.

 Modern Culture 

• The Impact of Automobiles in the 1920s
  • The automobile emerged as a significant consumer product during the 1920s, symbolizing the era's innovative spirit.
  • Henry Ford's introduction of the assembly line and mass production techniques played a pivotal role in making cars more affordable, which led to a surge in car ownership.
  • Automobiles facilitated the suburban migration and became a necessity rather than a luxury.
  • The proliferation of cars necessitated the construction of road networks and the establishment of traffic regulations.
• The Influence of Radio and Consumerism
  • Radio broadcasting significantly impacted the nation's culture, with millions of families owning radios and coming together to listen to programs.
  • The rise of household appliances and the advertising industry fueled consumerism, shaping buying patterns and lifestyles.
• Changing Social Dynamics
  • The prevalence of single-earner households encouraged more women to join the workforce, although many still adhered to traditional gender roles.
• Cultural Developments and Entertainment
  • The Roaring Twenties witnessed the emergence of the flapper image, symbolizing newfound freedom for women.
  • Cultural growth was evident in the realms of movies, sports, and literature, with notable authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway making significant contributions.
  • Literature of the era often reflected disillusionment with the extravagance and excesses of the time.
  • The Harlem Renaissance, a vibrant cultural movement in New York City's largest Black neighborhood, saw the flourishing of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers.
• The Rise of Jazz
  • Jazz music gained popularity and became emblematic of the era, with iconic figures like Louis Armstrong leaving a lasting legacy.

The Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties, a decade known for its dynamic cultural shifts and societal changes, brought about significant transformations in various aspects of American life.

Flapper Image

• The flapper image symbolized the spirit of the Roaring Twenties, embodying newfound freedom and independence for women.

Entertainment Renaissance

• Entertainment flourished during this period, witnessing remarkable growth in the realms of movies, sports, and literature. Renowned authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway emerged during this time.

Literary Reflections

• Literature during the Roaring Twenties often portrayed disillusionment with the excessive opulence of the era.

The Harlem Renaissance

• The Harlem Renaissance, a significant cultural movement, unfolded in the largest Black neighborhood in New York City.
• During this period, theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers proliferated, fostering a vibrant cultural scene.

Impact of Jazz

• Jazz music gained immense popularity during the Roaring Twenties, becoming emblematic of the era. Renowned figures like Louis Armstrong played a pivotal role in shaping the jazz scene.

Backlash Against Modern Culture

• 1920s America:

  •  Backlash and Nativism: 
    • Ku Klux Klan expanded to more than 5 million members and targeted individuals such as Blacks, Jews, and urbanites who did not conform to their strict Christian standards.
    • Anti-immigration factions gained influence, focusing on southern and Eastern European migrants.
    • The Sacco and Vanzetti trial heightened accusations of dangerous radicals.
    • The U.S. introduced immigration restrictions with laws like the Emergency Quota Act of 1924, which established quotas based on national origins, particularly discriminating against newer immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe.

Southern and Eastern European Immigration Restrictions in the 1920s

• Targeted southern and Eastern European immigrants
• Accusations of dangerous subversives intensified with the Sacco and Vanzetti trial
• US initiated limits and quotas to restrict immigration

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

• Set immigration quotas based on national origins
• Discriminated against southern and Eastern European "new immigrants"

Societal Tensions:

In the 1920s, the United States implemented measures to restrict the influx of immigrants, particularly targeting individuals from southern and Eastern European regions. This was a response to growing concerns about national security and the fear of subversive activities.

Targeting Immigrants:

• Specific policies were aimed at southern and Eastern European immigrants, singling them out for scrutiny and restriction.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial Impact:

• The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti heightened suspicions of dangerous subversive elements within immigrant communities, contributing to a more hostile environment for immigrants.

Immigration Restrictions:

• The US government began enforcing limits and quotas on immigration to control the flow of newcomers into the country.

Emergency Quota Act of 1924:

• This legislation established specific quotas for immigrants based on their national origins, with a clear bias against southern and Eastern European newcomers.

Scopes Monkey Trial

• Tennessee law prohibited the teaching of evolution.
• John Thomas Scopes violated the law by teaching evolution.
• The trial gained national attention and featured prominent attorneys Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan.
• The trial symbolized the debate between upholding tradition and embracing progress.

Key Points:

• Tennessee Law: In Tennessee, it was illegal to teach the theory of evolution.
• John Thomas Scopes: He intentionally violated the law by teaching evolution in a classroom.
• Legal Battle: The trial attracted significant national interest due to the involvement of renowned lawyers Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan.
• Debate Significance: The trial encapsulated a larger societal debate regarding the conflict between traditional beliefs and progressive ideas.

Significance of the Trial:

• The trial highlighted the clash between science and conservative values.
• It showcased the tension between adherence to established beliefs and embracing new knowledge.

Prohibition:

• The prohibition laws during that period aimed to restrict certain behaviors or practices.

Prohibition Era Overview

• Banned manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages
• Roots in reform campaigns of the 1830s
• Mainstay of women's political agendas
• 18th Amendment outlawed the American liquor industry
• Resentment of government intrusion in private matters
• Weakened by organized crime in producing and selling liquor
• Gangster Era inspired many movies and television series
• Prohibition repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

Banned manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

The Prohibition Era in the United States, from 1920 to 1933, marked a period when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were prohibited. This led to the rise of illegal speakeasies and bootlegging operations.

Roots in reform campaigns of the 1830s

The movement for Prohibition had its origins in the reform campaigns of the 1830s, driven by concerns over the social ills associated with alcohol consumption, such as domestic violence and poverty.

Mainstay of women's political agendas

Prohibition became a key issue for women's political agendas, as many women saw alcohol as a destructive force in families and society. Organizations like the Women's Christian Temperance Union played a significant role in advocating for Prohibition.

18th Amendment outlawed the American liquor industry

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1919, effectively outlawed the American liquor industry and paved the way for the era of Prohibition. This amendment banned the production, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Resentment of government intrusion in private matters

Prohibition sparked resentment among many Americans who viewed it as government overreach into their personal lives. The attempt to regulate individuals' choices regarding alcohol consumption led to backlash and non-compliance.

Weakened by organized crime in producing and selling liquor

The Prohibition laws inadvertently fueled the growth of organized crime, as criminal syndicates took advantage of the lucrative black market for alcohol. Figures like Al Capone became notorious for their involvement in bootlegging and illegal liquor trade.

Gangster Era inspired many movies and television series

The Prohibition era, characterized by bootleggers, speakeasies, and law enforcement battles, inspired numerous movies and television series. Popular culture romanticized the image of gangsters and the underground world of illegal alcohol during this period.

Prohibition repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

The 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1933, repealed Prohibition and ended the nationwide ban on alcohol. This marked the conclusion of a tumultuous period in American history and restored the legal sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Herbert Hoover and the Beginning of the Great Depression

Herbert Hoover and the Beginning of the Great Depression

•  Economic Policies 
  •  Volunteerism Over Federal Intervention 

    Hoover believed in encouraging volunteer efforts among businesses and individuals instead of heavy reliance on federal government intervention.

    For instance, he promoted the idea of industrial self-regulation to combat economic challenges.

  •  Protectionist Measures 

    Hoover implemented protective tariffs to shield American industries from foreign competition.

    However, these measures often backfired, leading to retaliatory tariffs from other nations and a decline in international trade.

•  Response to the Stock Market Crash 
  •  Reassurance and Optimism 

    Despite the severity of the stock market crash in 1929, Hoover remained publicly optimistic, assuring Americans that the economy would soon recover.

    This approach aimed to prevent widespread panic and maintain confidence in the financial system.

  •  Limited Government Intervention 

    Hoover hesitated to intervene significantly in the economy following the crash, believing in the eventual self-correction of the markets.

    However, this approach proved insufficient to address the deepening economic crisis.

The Great Depression

Republicans nominate Herbert Hoover in 1928

• Herbert Hoover was nominated by the Republicans for the presidential election in 1928.
• He expressed optimism, foreseeing the eradication of poverty in America during his term.

Impact of the Stock Market Crash

• In October 1929, the stock market crash occurred, triggering what became known as the Great Depression.
• Hoover and his advisors initially underestimated the devastating effects of the crash.
• Despite signs of trouble, Hoover believed the economy was fundamentally strong and reassured the public that only speculators would suffer.
• However, major banks and corporations were among the speculators, leading to bankruptcies, job losses, and a lack of funds to pay employees or ensure bank deposits.

Factors Contributing to the Great Depression

• Several factors exacerbated the Great Depression, including the impact of World War I on Europe's economy, overproduction leading to layoffs and reduced market value.
• Other factors included production surpassing consumer demand, wealth concentration in a few individuals, and a lack of government regulation.

Social Impact and Hoover's Response

• The Great Depression had a catastrophic effect on millions of Americans, resulting in job losses, depleted savings, homelessness, and the rise of shantytowns.
• Rural farmers faced additional challenges such as droughts, the Dust Bowl, and agrarian unrest.
• Initially hesitant to implement federal relief, Hoover eventually initiated some programs and advocated for public works projects.

Political Fallout and FDR's Presidency

• Hoover's efforts to address the crisis fell short, leading to his defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 election.
• Roosevelt's administration marked a shift towards interventionist policies, in contrast to Hoover's conservative values and limited government involvement.

Impact of the Great Depression

• Depression had a significant impact on millions of Americans, leading to job loss, savings depletion, homelessness, shantytowns, and struggles for rural farmers.
• Factors such as drought, the Dust Bowl, and agrarian unrest compounded the challenges faced by the population during this time.
• The Farmers' Holiday Association emerged as a response to the agricultural crisis.

Herbert Hoover's Response

• Initially, Hoover opposed federal relief efforts but later introduced some programs and advocated for works projects to address the crisis.
• The implementation of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff further exacerbated the economic downturn.
• Hoover established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to provide assistance to large companies and banks.

Events and Outcomes

• Hoover faced a difficult situation when the army attacked the Bonus Expeditionary Force in 1932, marking a low point in his presidency.
• Despite his efforts, Hoover failed to secure re-election and was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 election.

Contrasting Approaches

• FDR's interventionist governmental approach stood in stark contrast to Hoover's more traditional conservative values.

The New Deal and World War II (1934 - 1945)

• The New Deal (1934 - 1938)
  • The New Deal was a series of programs and reforms implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.
  • It aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy and society.
  • Example: The Works Progress Administration (WPA) created jobs for millions of unemployed Americans by building public infrastructure.
• Impact of the New Deal
  • The New Deal significantly expanded the role of the federal government in the economy.
  • It established programs such as Social Security to provide a safety net for citizens.
• World War II (1939 - 1945)
  • World War II was a global conflict involving many countries and lasting from 1939 to 1945.
  • It had a profound impact on economies, societies, and politics worldwide.
  • Example: The United States entered the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941.
• Consequences of World War II
  • World War II led to significant advancements in technology and medicine.
  • It also resulted in the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Presidency and the New Deal

• Roosevelt's Inaugural Address Impact

  Franklin D. Roosevelt's inaugural address marked a pivotal moment as he confronted the challenges of the Great Depression. He sought powers akin to those wielded during wartime, a move that resonated with the public and set the stage for transformative policies.

• Key Message - "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

  Roosevelt's iconic line, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear," encapsulated his drive to combat not just economic crises but also the psychological barriers hindering recovery. This rhetoric inspired hope and resilience.

• The New Deal Genesis

  The New Deal emerged as a response to the pressing need for bold measures to revive the economy. Rooted in a strong presidency and public trust in Roosevelt, it aimed to bring about widespread reform and relief.

• First New Deal - Swift Action

  The initial flurry of New Deal programs, famously rolled out within the first hundred days of Roosevelt's presidency, signaled a proactive approach to addressing the nation's woes. These initiatives laid the groundwork for further reforms.

The New Deal Initiatives

• Emergency Banking Relief Bill

  Under this legislation, poorly managed banks were placed under federal control, while sound institutions received government backing. By restoring faith in the banking system, it aimed to stabilize the financial sector and prevent further collapse.

• Banking Act of 1933 and FDIC

  The creation of the FDIC through the Banking Act of 1933 marked a pivotal step in safeguarding individual deposits. This move instilled confidence in the banking system by guaranteeing the security of people's savings.

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and Farm Credit Act

  Through the AAA, farmers were incentivized to reduce production in exchange for government payments, aiming to stabilize agricultural prices. Additionally, the Farm Credit Act provided vital loans to farmers on the brink of losing their livelihoods, offering a lifeline during tough times.

• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and Public Works Administration (PWA)

  The NIRA fostered cooperation among businesses to address overproduction and stimulate industrial growth. Simultaneously, the PWA's massive investment in infrastructure projects aimed to create jobs and spur economic activity, laying the groundwork for recovery.

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

  Through the CCC, unemployed young men were engaged in conservation projects, providing both employment and environmental benefits. The TVA's expansion under government control revitalized the Tennessee Valley, showcasing the power of public investment in regional development.

Roosevelt's Economic Strategy and Legacy

• Keynesian Economics in Action

  Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression embraced Keynesian economics, advocating for government intervention through deficit spending to stimulate demand. This approach proved instrumental in navigating the crisis and paved the way for prolonged economic growth post-World War II.

The Banking Act of 1933

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - Farmers received payments for reducing production, funded by increased taxes on food processors.
• Farm Credit Act - Offered loans to farmers at risk of foreclosure.
• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) - Consolidated businesses to combat overproduction.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

• Public Works Administration (PWA) - Allocated $3 billion for construction projects, creating employment opportunities.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Provided funding to states for similar projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - Government expanded TVA operations to aid regional economic recovery.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

• Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression was influenced by Keynesian economics.
• Keynesian economics proposed that the government should engage in deliberate deficit spending to stimulate the economy.
• Under Roosevelt's administration, the application of Keynesian economics resulted in a successful economic revival.

Economic Expansion (1945 to 1973)

Keynesian economics, as implemented during Roosevelt's era, facilitated a remarkable 30-year period of economic growth from 1945 to 1973. This approach emphasized government intervention through spending to bolster economic activity.

The Second New Deal

•  Criticisms of the Second New Deal 
  • Conservatives' Perspectives:
    • Advocated against higher tax rates, believing it would stifle economic growth.
    • Objected to increased government control over businesses, fearing it would hinder free market principles.
    • Criticized the removal of incentives for the poor to improve their socio-economic status.
    • Were against government borrowing to fund programs, viewing it as unsustainable.
  • Leftists' Viewpoints (e.g., Huey Long):
    • Condemned the Agricultural Adjustment Act's practice of paying farmers not to cultivate land, citing ethical concerns.
    • Believed that government policies were overly supportive of businesses.
    • Held corporate greed responsible for the Great Depression and called for the nationalization of industries.

Summary

• AAA policy of compensating farmers for not cultivating their land is deemed unethical.
• The government's treatment of businesses is viewed as excessively favorable.
• The Great Depression was attributed to corporate avarice, prompting calls for the nationalization of businesses.

Huey Long Threat to FDR

• Huey Long, a Louisiana Senator and Governor, advocated for a program akin to Social Security, garnering widespread support.
• Long was tragically assassinated in 1935.

1935: Supreme Court Challenges the First New Deal

The Supreme Court invalidated parts of the initial New Deal legislation.

Invalidated Sections of NIRA in the "Sick Chicken Case"

• The codes within the NIRA were deemed unconstitutional due to being considered as executive legislation that exceeded the limits of executive power.

FDR's Response to the Crisis of the Great Depression

• In response to the crisis of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt argued for the expansion of the executive branch.

Supreme Court's Decision in United States v. Butler

• The Supreme Court struck down the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) in the case of United States v. Butler.

Roosevelt's Court-Packing Scheme

• Roosevelt attempted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 9 justices to 15.
• His aim was to appoint justices who aligned with his policies.
• However, this initiative was ultimately rejected by Congress.

Second New Deal

• The Second New Deal was a series of programs and reforms introduced by Roosevelt to combat the ongoing effects of the Great Depression.

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

• The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act established the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which later became known as the Works Project Administration.
• It created over 8 million job opportunities, with funding provided by the government.
• The WPA employed individuals such as writers, photographers, and artists for various public works projects and to document local and personal histories.

Significance of the WPA

• The creation of the WPA under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act was instrumental in alleviating unemployment and stimulating the economy during the Great Depression.
• By offering employment to millions of people, it not only provided financial relief but also contributed to the development of essential infrastructure and cultural projects.
• For example, the WPA supported the construction of public buildings, roads, bridges, and artworks that still enrich communities today.

Summer of 1935: Roosevelt's Second Hundred Days

• The period of the summer of 1935 is often referred to as Roosevelt's Second Hundred Days, during which significant legislative achievements were made.
• Key accomplishments during this time included the expansion of powers for the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the democratization of unions, and the implementation of measures to penalize businesses that were hostile to unions.
• Additionally, the Social Security Administration was established to provide retirement benefits for workers, the disabled, and their families.
• This period also saw an increase in taxes on wealthy individuals and corporate profits to support social welfare programs and economic recovery efforts.

New Deal Legislation

• Passed legislation broadening NLRB powers, democratizing unions, punishing anti-union businesses
• Created Social Security Administration for retirement benefits for workers, disabled, and families
• Increased taxes on wealthy individuals and business profits

New Deal Coalition

• Made up of union members, urbanites, underclass, and Black people (previously voted Republican)
• Swept FDR back into office in 1936 with a landslide victory
• Held together until the election of Reagan in 1980

Explanation:

The New Deal legislation encompassed a series of impactful changes that aimed to bolster the economy and provide support to various segments of society. Firstly, the government passed laws that expanded the National Labor Relations Board's authority, promoted union democratization, and penalized businesses that opposed unions. This move was crucial in empowering workers and ensuring fair labor practices.

Secondly, the establishment of the Social Security Administration marked a significant milestone in American social policy. It introduced a system of retirement benefits for workers, individuals with disabilities, and families in need. This initiative aimed to provide a safety net for vulnerable groups and promote financial security among the population.

Furthermore, the government implemented measures to increase taxes on affluent individuals and corporate profits. This was seen as a strategy to redistribute wealth more equitably and generate revenue to fund social programs and initiatives.

New Deal Coalition:

The New Deal Coalition was a political alliance that played a pivotal role in shaping American politics for several decades. Comprising union members, urban residents, marginalized communities, and African Americans who had previously supported the Republican Party, this coalition emerged as a formidable force.

In 1936, the coalition's collective support propelled Franklin D. Roosevelt to a resounding victory in the presidential election. This landslide win underscored the coalition's influence and the widespread endorsement of New Deal policies.

The coalition remained intact until the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, signaling a shift in political dynamics and the beginning of a new era in American governance.

Roosevelt's Troubled Second Term

 I. Judicial Reorganization Bill: 

• Proposed allowing Roosevelt to nominate new federal judges
• Attempt to fill courts with judges who supported New Deal policies
• Rejected by the Democratic Congress
• Faced severe criticism for attempting to consolidate excessive power
• Situation resolved through natural retirements and the appointment of progressive judges

 II. Economic Challenges: 

• Struggles with economic difficulties
• Implementation of policies to address economic woes
• Efforts to stabilize the economy
• Measures taken to combat economic downturn

The 1937 Recession

• The 1937 recession was triggered by reductions in government programs and a tightening of credit supply.
• It endured for nearly three years, leading to a surge in unemployment rates.
• President Roosevelt was compelled to divert funds from New Deal initiatives to support military expansion.

The New Deal

• Historians debate the effectiveness of the New Deal in addressing the economic crisis.
• Advocates argue that the New Deal offered relief to many people and initiated reforms in various sectors such as banking, finance, and labor relations.
• Detractors point out that unemployment rates persisted at high levels and the New Deal fell short in resolving the unemployment crisis comprehensively.
• Moreover, critics contend that the New Deal's impact was limited in scope and duration, failing to equally benefit all segments of society, particularly minorities affected by certain programs.

The New Deal

• Provided relief and escaped poverty for many people
• Reforms in banking, finance, management/union relations
• Took bold chances in conservative political climate

Arguments against the New Deal

• Unemployment rate remained in double digits
• Failed to solve unemployment problem
• Too small and short-lived to have significant impact
• Didn't benefit all equally, minorities particularly hurt by AAA and public works projects

Accomplishments

• The New Deal brought relief to a significant number of individuals, helping them escape poverty. For instance, programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps provided job opportunities to many unemployed individuals during the Great Depression.
• Reforms in various sectors such as banking, finance, and management/union relations were implemented under the New Deal. These reforms aimed to stabilize the economy and prevent future economic crises.
• The New Deal administration, led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, demonstrated a willingness to take risks and implement progressive policies despite facing opposition in a conservative political climate. This bold approach helped in initiating much-needed changes in the country.

Challenges and Criticisms

• Despite its efforts, the New Deal faced criticism for not effectively reducing the high unemployment rates, which persisted in double digits for a significant period.
• Some critics argued that the New Deal did not provide a lasting solution to the unemployment problem, as job creation was limited and temporary in nature.
• While the New Deal introduced several impactful programs, some considered it insufficient in scale and duration to bring about a substantial and lasting transformation in the economy.
• It was also noted that certain groups, especially minorities, did not benefit equally from New Deal initiatives such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and public works projects, which led to disparities and hardships within these communities.

Foreign Policy Leading up to World War II

• The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act were successfully passed during this era.
• These acts significantly reshaped America's landscape in areas such as banking, finance, and management/union relations.
• The foundation of the current social welfare system can be traced back to the New Deal policies.
• Despite a conservative political climate, bold decisions were made, reflecting a willingness to take risks.

Overview of American Foreign Policy Post World War I

• Following World War I, American foreign policy shifted towards advocating peace and an independent international stance.
• The Washington Conference, conducted between 1921-1922, led to an agreement that restricted armament levels and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy concerning China.
• In 1928, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by 62 nations, denouncing war as a tool for foreign policy.
• Efforts were made by the US to establish a Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America in 1934, although American interests were still advanced through economic pressures and backing pro-American leaders.
• The Platt Amendment was abolished during this period.
• In Asia, the US faced challenges in exerting influence and was unable to prevent Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931.

International Agreements and Policies

• The Washington Conference (1921-1922): This conference aimed to limit armaments and reinforce the Open Door Policy towards China.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): A treaty signed by 62 nations condemning the use of war as a means of foreign policy.

US Engagement in Latin America and Asia

• Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America (1934): The US attempted to adopt a policy of goodwill in Latin America, yet economic coercion and support for pro-American leaders persisted.
• Platt Amendment Repeal: The Platt Amendment, a policy concerning Cuba, was revoked during this period.
• Challenges in Asia: Despite limited influence, the US could not prevent Japan's aggression in Manchuria in 1931.

Trade and Isolationism

• Throughout the 1920s, the US maintained a protectionist policy with high tariffs.
• The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act enabled the president to adjust tariffs to meet foreign policy objectives.
• Most favored nation (MFN) trade status was granted to certain nations, ensuring the lowest tariff rates set by the US.
• Isolationist sentiments rose post-World War I due to the Nye Commission's findings on unethical practices in American arms manufacturing, leading to the enactment of neutrality acts.

Shift Towards International Engagement

• By the 1940s, US foreign policy became less isolationist with initiatives like the Lend-Lease Act, supporting Allied forces during World War II.

Manchuria in 1931

• The United States provided military support to China and imposed an arms embargo on Japan during Japan's conflict with China in 1937.
• The US upheld a protectionist policy with high tariffs in the 1920s.
• The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act empowered the president to lower tariffs to achieve foreign policy objectives.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

• Countries eligible for Most Favored Nation (MFN) status received the lowest tariff rates established by the US.

Most Favored Nation (MFN)

• Following World War I and the Nye Commission's revelations, isolationist sentiments surged.

Nye Commission

• The Nye Commission exposed unethical practices of American arms producers, prompting the enactment of neutrality laws.
• Roosevelt's Support for Allies
  • Roosevelt allocated funds to bolster the military and provided aid to the Allies while adhering to the constraints of the neutrality acts.
• Shift in US Foreign Policy
  • During the 1940s, the United States moved away from isolationism, exemplified by initiatives like the Lend-Lease Act and Roosevelt's endeavors to furnish support to the Allied forces.

World War II Overview

• Complicated military strategies and key battles significantly influenced WW2
• Understanding wartime conferences among Allies is crucial
• The relationship between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies was fragile
• The Manhattan Project, initiated in 1942, aimed at developing atomic weapons
• Instances of Soviet espionage within the Manhattan Project were notable

Key Wartime Conferences

• In Tehran in 1943, the 'Big Three'—Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—met
• Decisions made included planning the Normandy invasion and the division of post-war Germany
• Stalin agreed to engage in the war against Japan after the defeat of Hitler

Major Military Operations

• Allies primarily engaged German forces in the Soviet Union and the Mediterranean until the D-Day invasion in France
• The Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944, marked the largest amphibious landing in history

Social and Economic Impact

• The U.S. government significantly expanded its authority through bodies like the War Production Board
• Labor Disputes Act of 1943 enabled government intervention in critical industries
• WW2 brought about profound societal changes, offering new opportunities but also tensions

Impact on Minorities and Civil Liberties

• Over a million African Americans served in segregated units during WW2
• Roles like 'Rosie the Riveter' symbolized the contribution of women to the war effort
• Japanese Americans faced internment, a violation of their civil liberties upheld by the Supreme Court

Key Events of World War II

• The Soviet Union suffered significant losses during World War II and attempted to recover by occupying Eastern Europe.
• The Allies achieved victory in a war of attrition against the Germans and hastened the end of the war in the East through the use of atomic bombs on Japan.
• The D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944, marked the largest amphibious landing in history.
• The U.S. government expanded its authority during the war through institutions like the War Production Board, gaining control over industry and labor.
• The Labor Disputes Act of 1943 empowered the government to take over businesses vital to national security.
• Hollywood played a significant role in producing propaganda films for the war effort.
• The size of the government more than tripled during World War II.
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, instituting the first peacetime draft in American history.

Details and Examples

• Soviet Union's Losses and Eastern Europe Occupation: Following substantial losses, the Soviet Union aimed to recover by occupying territories in Eastern Europe. For instance, the Soviet annexation of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia exemplifies this strategy.
• Allies' Victories and Atomic Bombs: The Allies' victory over the Germans in a prolonged war of attrition was hastened by the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, leading to a swift end to the conflict.
• D-Day Invasion: The D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944, involving troops landing on Normandy beaches, was a pivotal moment that turned the tide of the war in favor of the Allies.
• Expansion of Government Authority: Through bodies like the War Production Board, the U.S. government gained unprecedented control over industry and labor, enabling centralized management of resources for the war effort.
• Labor Disputes Act: The Labor Disputes Act of 1943 granted the government the power to intervene in labor disputes and seize control of businesses critical to national security, such as weapon manufacturing plants.
• Hollywood's Role: Hollywood studios were mobilized to produce propaganda films that promoted patriotism and support for the war, shaping public perception through cinematic storytelling.
• Government Expansion: The wartime necessity led to a significant expansion of government agencies and departments, with new bureaucratic structures established to manage the demands of the conflict.
• First Peacetime Draft: President Roosevelt's enactment of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 introduced the concept of compulsory military service during peacetime, preparing the nation for potential future conflicts.

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

• WW2 had a profound impact on various aspects of daily life in America, ushering in new opportunities and tensions.
• During WW2, over a million African Americans served in the US military, albeit in segregated units.
• The desegregation of the US army did not occur until 1948, post the war.

1948

• Rosie the Riveter became a symbol representing the multitude of women who took on industrial roles during the war.
• Following the return of soldiers, most women were expected to revert to traditional societal roles.
• The government imposed restrictions on civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans from 1942 until the war's conclusion.
• More than 110,000 Asian Americans were unjustly detained solely based on their ethnic background.

Supreme Court Upheld Evacuation and Internment of Japanese Americans as Constitutional

• During World War II, the Supreme Court ruled that the forced evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans was constitutional.

The End of the War

• The conclusion of World War II was marked by significant diplomatic events.

Yalta and Potsdam Conferences

• The Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, brought together the Allies (US, UK, USSR) to deliberate on the postwar European landscape.
• Stalin aimed to establish a "buffer zone" of sympathetic nations in Eastern Europe, a goal that influenced discussions at Yalta.
• Key agreements were reached at Yalta concerning borders, settlements, and the establishment of the United Nations.

February 1945 (US, UK, USSR)

• By February 1945, the Soviet army had occupied parts of Eastern Europe, prompting concerns and discussions among the Allies.
• The desire to create a buffer zone led to strategic considerations and negotiations among the Allies.

Potsdam Conference

• The Potsdam Conference followed the Yalta Conference and focused on postwar arrangements and the rebuilding of Europe.
• Important decisions were made at Potsdam regarding the administration of Germany and the handling of the aftermath of the war.

Summary of Post-WWII Conferences

• Held after WWII in Europe to implement Yalta agreements: The conference was convened to execute the decisions made at the Yalta Conference. Harry S. Truman took over as the US representative following Roosevelt's passing.
• Divergence between US and USSR: The contrasting ideologies and interests of the United States and the Soviet Union became more apparent during this period.
• Potsdam Declaration and Japan's surrender terms: Allies formulated the Potsdam Declaration, outlining conditions for Japan's surrender, including the removal of the emperor from power.

Outcome of the Conferences

• USSR's influence in Eastern Europe: The USSR was granted authority in Eastern Europe, promising to conduct "free and fair elections" post-war, leading to tensions and the onset of the Cold War.
• Iron Curtain and the Cold War: The division of Eastern and Western Europe by the Iron Curtain marked the beginning of the Cold War between the US and the USSR.
• US decision to use atomic bombs: The fear of Soviet intervention in Asia, coupled with Japan's resilience and the display of power, influenced Truman's choice to deploy atomic weapons against Japan.

Descent of Iron Curtain

• American-Soviet animosity led to US using atomic bombs against Japan
• Fear of Soviet entry into Asian war and display of power, combined with tenacious Japanese resistance, influenced Truman's decision.