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Petroleum
It is dark brownish to green coloured viscous liquid fossil fuel. It has strong foul smell due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as crude oil. The economy of a nation depends to a great extent on petroleum wealth, that's why petroleum is called the black gold.
Its name is derived from Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and O1eum (meaning oil). Thus, petroleum literally means "rock oil".
Origin of petroleum: Petroleum is a complex mixture of solid, liquid and seous hydrocarbons, mixed with salt water and earthy particles. It is always found trapped between two impervious rocks.
It is believed that petroleum is formed by the anaerobic decomposition of extremely small sea animals and plants which got buried in the sea bed millions of years ago. Let us see how this happened.
Occurrence of petroleum: Petroleum occurs at a moderate depth (500 m to 200 m) between the 2 layers of impervious rocks. The petroleum is lighter than It water & hence, floats over it. Natural gas is found above petroleum, trapped between the rock cap & petroleum layer.
Drilling of oil wells: The hole is drilled in the Earth's crust & when it reached the rock cap, the natural gas comes out first with a great pressure. When the pressure of gas subsides, petroleum starts flowing out due to the pressure of natural gas.
Refining of petroleum: Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons. It also contains water, salt and rocky materials. It cannot be used in this made form either as a fuel or a basic material to produce other useful components. Before being put to use, it has to be purified or refined. The process of separating the various components of petroleum from one another is known as the refining of petroleum. This is done by a process called fractional distillation which is based on the fact that the different components of petroleum have distinctly different boiling points.
In fractional distillation, crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of ,4U0°C or slightly above in a furnace.
Uses of petroleum
(1) Petroleum products are used as fuels.
(2) Lubricating oils, and vaseline are used as lubricants.
(3) Paraffin wax, products of petroleum, is used for manufacturing candles, polishes, waxed paper, water proofing, etc.
(4) Some of the by-products of petroleum after purification are used in the preparation of medicines, ointments, face creams and cosmetics.
Natural gas
Natural gas was formed millions of years ago along with petroleum when microscopic sea plants & animals died & got buried under the sand & mud. These plants & animals under anaerobic conditions changed to gas.
Composition
It consist mainly of methane (about 85%), ethane (about 10%) propane (about 3%) and butane when natural gas is compressed at high pressure then it is called CNG (compressed natural gas). CNG is used for power generation.
It is now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting. The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied through pipes. Such network of pjpeline exists in Vadodara (Gujarat) and some parts of Delhi.
Occurrence
It is generally found trapped between impervious rocks, sometimes along with petroleum & sometimes without petroleum.
In our country, natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and in the Krishna Godavari Delta.
Uses of natural gas
(1) As a fuel - It has a very high calorific value of 55 ktJ/g
(2) As a source of hydrogen & carbon
Booster 2
Why petroleum is also known as black gold?
Explanation
Many useful substances are obtained from petroleum which can be used for the manufacture of detergents, fibers (polyester, nylon, acrylic etc.) polyethene and many other plastics.
Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called Black Gold.
Conservation of fossil fuels
It is believed that it took millions of years for the dead organisms to change into coal, petroleum or natural gas. Furthermore, their known reserves are limited.
Another problem with fossil fuels is that they are steadily increasing air . pollution, their use is linked to global warming. So, it is important that we use fuels only when it is absolutely necessary. tri this way, we can save these fuels for the Manufacture of many substances which are dependent on petrochemicals.
For energy purpose, we must look for alternative sources, such as solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, etc. Furthermore, fossil fuels will be available to future generations for more useful products.
In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) offers the following tips to conserve petrol & diesel while driving.
(1) Drive at a constant & moderate speed as far as possible. Driving at a high speed or slow speed wastes a lot of fuel.
(2) Switch off engine if you have to wait at traffic lights or for any other reason.
(3) Check the tyre pressure regularly, low pressure or too high pressure waste fuel.
(4) Make sure that you send your vehicle to garage for regular maintenance.
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