Polynomial Expressions | Mathematics for Digital SAT PDF Download

The word polynomial is made of two words, "poly" and "nomial", meaning many terms. It is used in math for representing expressions. Thus, a polynomial expression is a sentence with a minimum of two numbers and at least one math operation in it.

What are Polynomial Expressions?

A polynomial is made up of terms and each term has a coefficient, while an expression is a sentence with a minimum of two numbers and at least one math operation in it. The expressions which satisfy the criterion of a polynomial are polynomial expressions. The following examples to check if they are polynomial expressions or not.

In the two cases discussed above, the expression x² + 3√x + 1 is not a polynomial expression because the variable has a fractional exponent, i.e., 1/2 which is a non-integer value; while for the second expression x² + √3 x + 1, the fractional power 1/2 is on the constant which is 3 in this case, hence it is a polynomial expression.

Standard Form of Polynomial Expressions

The standard form of any polynomial expression is given when the terms of expression are ordered from the highest degree to the lowest degree. The polynomial standard form can be written as:
a_nXⁿ + a_n-1 X^n-1 + .... + a₂X² + a₁x + a₀. For example, ax² + bx + c. 

Types of Polynomials

There are three types of polynomials based on the number of terms that they have:

• Monomial
  A monomial consists of only one term with a condition that this term should be non-zero. Examples: 6x, 7x³, 2ab
• Binomial 
  A binomial is a polynomial that consists of two terms. It is written as the sum or difference of two or more monomials. Examples: 2x⁴ + 8x, 8y³ + 3x, xy² + 3y
• Trinomial
  A trinomial is a polynomial that consists of three terms.
  Examples: 3x² + 4x + 10, 5y⁴ + 3x⁴ + 2x², 7y² + 3y + 17

Degree of a Polynomial Expression

For a Single Variable Polynomial

We find the degree of a polynomial expression using the following steps:

• Step 1: Combine the like terms of the polynomial expression.
• Step 2: Write the polynomial expression in the standard form.
• Step 3: Check and select the highest exponent.

The highest exponent of the expression gives the degree of the polynomial. Let's consider the polynomial expression, 5x³ + 4x² - x⁴ - 2x³ - 5x² + x⁴. In this case, the expression can be simplified as, 3x³ - x². Here, the highest exponent corresponding to the polynomial expression is 3. Hence, the degree of polynomial expression is 3. Observe the following expression.

The above expression shows:

• Three terms: 8x², 5x and 6
• The variables: x² and x
• The coefficients of the variables: 8 and 5
• Constant: 6
• Degree of the polynomial: 2

For a Multivariable Polynomial

If we take a polynomial expression with two variables, say x and y, x³ + 3x²y⁴ + 4y² + 6. We follow the above steps, with an additional step of adding the powers of different variables in the given terms. and thus the degree of the polynomial is 6. This is because, in 3x²y⁴, the exponent values of x and y are 2 and 4, respectively. When we add these, we get 6. Hence, the degree of the multivariable polynomial expression is 6. Observe the following polynomial which shows how its degree is considered to be 9.

Simplifying Polynomial Expressions

We can simplify polynomial expressions in the following ways:

By combining like terms
The terms having the same variables are combined using arithmetic operations so that the calculation gets easier. For example, let us simplify the polynomial expression: 5x⁵ + 7x³ + 8x + 9x³ - 4x⁴ - 10x - 3x⁵. We combine the like terms to get, 5x⁵ - 3x⁵ - 4x⁴ + 7x³ + 9x³ + 8x - 10x . On simplifying we get, 2x⁵ - 4x⁴ + 16x³ - 2x

By using the FOIL technique

The FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last) technique is used for the arithmetic operation of multiplication. Each step uses the distributive property. 'First' means multiply the terms which come first in each binomial. Then, 'outer' means multiply the outermost terms in the product, followed by the 'inner' terms, and then the 'last' terms are multiplied. For example, to simplify the given polynomial expression, we use the FOIL technique, (x - 4)(x + 3). The expression can be rewritten as, x (x + 3) - 4 (x + 3). On multiplying the outer terms we get, x² + 3x - 4x - 12. This expression can be reduced to x² - x - 12.

Tips and Tricks

• Positive powers associated with a variable are mandatory in any polynomial, thereby making them one of the important parts of a polynomial.
• Any expression having a non-integer exponent of the variable is not a polynomial. For example, √x which has a fractional exponent.
• A polynomial expression should not have any square roots of variables, any fractional or negative powers on the variables, and no variables should be there in the denominators of any fractions.

Important Notes

• A polynomial with degree 1 is known as a linear polynomial. For example, 2x + 3.
• A polynomial whose degree is 2 is known as a quadratic polynomial. For example, x² + 4x + 4.
• A polynomial with degree 3 is known as a cubic polynomial. For example, x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1.

Example: Find the product of the polynomial expressions (2x+6) and (x-8).
Solution: To simplify the product of polynomial expressions, we will use the FOIL technique.
Using the distributive property, the above polynomial expressions can be written as 2x(x -8) + 6(x - 8).
Now applying the FOIL technique, we get, (2x² - 16x + 6x - 48).
Now combining the like terms we get, 2x² - 10x - 48. Hence, the product of polynomial expressions (2x+6) and (x-8) on simplification gives: (2x² - 10x - 48).