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Data from the past regarding life expectancies among the wealthy indicate a decline in mortality rates since the implementation of the Sanitary Act in the nineteenth century. As countries have progressed and modernized, human lifespan has continued to increase. The most significant decline in mortality rates is observed among infants, primarily due to the impact of environmental pathogens on their survival. However, in recent years, the elderly age group has shown a rise in life expectancy, while the infant age group has shown minimal or no change over time. Figure 1 illustrates the progression of life expectancies for various age groups in the United States from 1900 to 2000.

Figure 1 Life Expectancy in Years for Various Age Groups Between 1900-2000Figure 1 Life Expectancy in Years for Various Age Groups Between 1900-2000

In modern societies, it is generally observed that females tend to have higher life expectancy rates compared to males. Biological evidence suggests that women may be more resilient to pathogens than men, potentially due to factors such as the influence of the X-chromosome and hormonal mechanisms on immune system efficiency. Psychosocial evidence also supports this finding, as women in pre-modern societies experienced higher mortality rates due to discriminatory practices that led to neglect or even the deliberate killing of female infants. Figure 2 illustrates the gender mortality ratio, which represents the proportion of male to female death rates, in the United States from 1900 to 2000.

Figure 2 Gender Mortality Ratio in the United States Between 1900-2000Figure 2 Gender Mortality Ratio in the United States Between 1900-2000

In pre-modern societies, high mortality rates were prevalent due to factors such as poverty and governmental persecution. The majority of individuals in these societies held the belief that they had little control over their daily oppression and felt compelled to accept their fate without the ability to bring about change. In contrast, people in modern societies hold the belief that they can actively strive for change even in challenging circumstances. Sociologist Alex Inkeles conducted interviews with over 6,000 men from Argentina, Chile, India, Israel, Nigeria, and Pakistan to support the idea that modernization has an impact on the personality structure of individuals. Inkeles found that as societies undergo modernization, individuals become more engaged in taking steps to improve their society.

Question for Practice Passage Test - 7
Try yourself:According to Figure 1, what is true about life expectancy in the United States?
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Question for Practice Passage Test - 7
Try yourself:Suppose that a pre-modernist moves up from the lower class to the upper class because the government recognized his skills as a craftsman. Which of the following is true about this pattern of social mobility?
I. The pre-modernist experienced intergenerational mobility.
II. The pre-modernist experienced intragenerational mobility.
III. This pre-modern society practiced meritocracy.
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Question for Practice Passage Test - 7
Try yourself:Poor people in pre-modern societies are forced to live in a place where they lack food, water, and shelter for them to survive. Which of the following most closely defines the struggles that lower class pre-modernists faced?
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Question for Practice Passage Test - 7
Try yourself:Suppose that in a pre-modernist society, a lower-class woman tries to join a conversation among a group of upper-class men. As a result, the men ridicule the woman. This scenario most accurately portrays:
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Question for Practice Passage Test - 7
Try yourself:According to Figure 2, at what age do the mortality rates of males widely differ from the mortality rates of females in 1925?
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