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Understanding Numbers in English: Singular and Plural
In English, nouns can be categorized based on whether they refer to one item or multiple items. This is known as the concept of numbers.
There are two types of numbers in English:
1. Singular Number: Any noun that stands for only one person or thing is said to be in the singular number; e.g., chair, man, pencil, glass, book etc.
2. Plural Number: Any noun that stands for more than one person or thing is said to be in the plural number; e.g., chairs, men, pencils, glasses, books, etc.
Note: While most nouns can be made plural, some nouns are uncountable and do not have a plural form.
Formation of Plurals
The following rules are used to change singular nouns into plural ones:
1. Most nouns form their plurals by adding –s to the singular:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| chair | chairs | horse | horses |
| book | books | king | kings |
| ribbon | ribbons | girl | girls |
| rose | roses | apple | apples |
| flower | flowers | tiger | tigers |
| door | doors | gun | guns |
| bottle | bottles | rod | rods |
2. By adding –es to nouns ending in –s, –ss, –x, –sh, –ch:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| glass | glasses | bush | bushes |
| gas | gases | brush | brushes |
| ass | asses | bench | benches |
| box | boxes | church | churches |
| fox | foxes | watch | watches |
Note: When ‘ch’ has the sound of ‘k’, the plural is formed by adding ‘s’, not ‘es’; as
Stomach – stomachs
monarch – monarchs
3. By changing –y into –ies when a noun ends in –y and the –y has a consonant before it:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| army | armies | fly | flies |
| baby | babies | story | stories |
| lady | ladies | reply | replies |
| country | countries | duty | duties |
| city | cities | diary | diaries |
| fairy | fairies | lily | lilies |
4. By adding –s when a noun ends in –y and the –y has a vowel before it:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| boy | boys | monkey | monkeys |
| day | days | ray | rays |
| donkey | donkeys | toy | toys |
| key | keys | valley | valleys |
5. Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plurals by changing –f or –fe into–ves:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| calf | calves | knife | knives |
| half | halves | thief | thieves |
| shelf | shelves | wolf | wolves |
| leaf | leaves | wife | wives |
Note: However, the following nouns form their plurals by simply adding –s to the singular:
chief – chiefs
gulf – gulfs
proof – proofs
roof – roofs
6. Nouns ending in –o form their plurals by adding –es to the singular:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| buffalo | buffaloes | mango | mangoes |
| cargo | cargoes | mosquito | mosquitoes |
| hero | heroes | tomato | tomatoes |
Note: But there are some exceptions:
photo – photos
piano – pianos
7. By changing the inside vowels:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| foot | feet | woman | women |
| goose | geese | mouse | mice |
| tooth | teeth | louse | lice |
| man | men | radius | radii |
8. By adding –en to the singular:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| brother | brothers | ox | oxen |
| brethren | |||
| child | children |
9. By adding –s to the principal word in compound nouns:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| brother-in-law | brothers-in-law | father-in-law | fathers-in-law |
| looker-on | lookers-on | major-general | major-generals |
| passer-by | passers-by | washer-man | washer-men |
10. Some nouns have the same form in both the numbers; e.g.,
deer, dozen, fish, score, sheep
11. Some nouns are used only in plural number; e.g.,
cattle, socks, shoes, scissors, spectacles, trousers, measles
12. Some nouns are used only in singular number; e.g.,
furniture, news, innings, scenery, economics, politics, summons
The document Principles of Nouns: Numbers | English Class 8 is a part of the Class 8 Course English Class 8.
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FAQs on Principles of Nouns: Numbers - English Class 8
| 1. What are the principles of nouns? |  |
Ans. The principles of nouns refer to the rules or guidelines that govern the usage of nouns in the English language. They include understanding the various types of nouns, their singular and plural forms, and their role in sentence structure.
| 2. How can I identify the number of a noun? | |
Ans. To identify the number of a noun, you need to determine whether it is singular or plural. Singular nouns refer to one person, place, thing, or idea, while plural nouns refer to more than one. You can usually identify the number by looking at the noun's form or by using context clues in the sentence.
| 3. What is the role of numbers in nouns? | |
Ans. Numbers play a crucial role in nouns as they indicate whether a noun is singular or plural. They help in identifying whether we are referring to a single entity or multiple entities. By understanding the principles of numbers in nouns, we can ensure grammatical accuracy in our sentences.
| 4. Can a noun change its number? | |
Ans. Yes, a noun can change its number. Nouns can be transformed from singular to plural or vice versa. This change usually involves altering the noun's form by adding or removing certain letters or using different word endings. It is important to follow the appropriate rules for changing the number of a noun to maintain grammatical correctness.
| 5. What are some common mistakes to avoid when using nouns in terms of numbers? | |
Ans. Some common mistakes to avoid when using nouns in terms of numbers include using an incorrect plural form, neglecting to make a noun plural when necessary, or using a plural noun incorrectly as a singular noun. It is also important to pay attention to subject-verb agreement when using nouns in sentences. By being aware of these mistakes, we can enhance our writing and communication skills.
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