ecology
Ecological adaptation-
Types of Ecosystems-
Structure and Functions of Ecosystems-
Two types of food-chains are recognised:
Biogeochemical Cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Oxygen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Other Mineral Cycles
Ecological Balance
Biomes |
| Subtypes |
| Regions | Climatic | Soil | Flora and Fauna | ||
|
| Characteristic | |||||||
Forest | A. Tropical | A1. 10° N-S | A1. Temp. 20- | A1. Acidic, | A1. Multi-layered | ||||
| 1. | Equatorial | A2. 10°- 25° N- | 25°C, |
|
| poor in | canopy tall and | |
| 2. | Deciduou | S |
| evenly |
|
| nutrients | large trees |
| B | s | B. | Eastern | distributed A2. | A2. Rich in | A2. Less dense, | ||
| . | Temperat |
| North | Temp. 25-30°C, |
| nutrients | trees of medium | |
| C | e Boreal |
| America, | Rainfall, ave. | B. | Fertile, en- | height; many | |
| . |
|
| N.E. Asia, | ann. 1,000mm, |
| riched with | varieties co- | |
|
|
|
| Western | seasonal |
| decaying | exist. Insects, | |
|
|
|
| and Central | B. Temp. 20-30° |
| litter | bats, birds and | |
|
|
|
| Europe | C, |
| C. | Acidic and | mammals are |
|
|
| C. | Broad belt | Rainfall evenly |
| poor in | common | |
|
|
|
| of Eurasia | distributed 750- |
| nutrients, | species in both | |
|
|
|
| and North | 1,500mm, |
| thin soil | B. Moderately | |
|
|
|
| America | Well- defined |
| cover | dense broad | |
|
|
|
| (parts of | seasons and |
|
| leaved trees. | |
|
|
|
| Siberia, | distinct winter. |
|
| With less | |
|
|
|
| Alaska, | C. Short moist |
|
| diversity of | |
|
|
|
| Canada and | moder- ately |
|
| plant species. | |
|
|
|
| Scandinavia | warm summers |
|
| Oak, Beach, | |
|
|
|
| ) | and long cold |
|
| Maple etc. are | |
Desert | A. Hot and | A. Sahara | A. Temp. 20 - | Rich in | A-C. Scanty | ||||
|
| Dry desert |
| , Kalahar | 45°C. B. | 21 - | nutrients with | vege- tation; | |
| B. Semi arid |
| i , | 38°C. |
| little or no | few large mam | ||
|
| desert |
| Marusthali | C. 15 - |
| organic matter | mals , insects, | |
| C. Coastal | B. , Rub-el- | 35°C. D. | 2 |
|
| reptiles and | ||
|
| desert |
| Khali | - 25°C |
|
|
| birds |
Grasslan | A. | Tropical | A. Large | A. | Warm hot | A. Porous with | A. Grasses; trees | |
d |
| Savannah | areas of |
| climates, |
| thin layer of | and large |
| B | Temperat | Africa , |
| Rainfall 500- |
| humus. | shrubs absent; |
| . | e Steppe | Australia, |
| 1,250 mm | B | Thin floccu- | giraffes zebras, |
|
|
| South | B. | Hot summers | . | lated soil, | buffalos, |
|
|
| America |
| and cold |
| rich in bases | leopards, |
|
|
| B. and India |
| winter. |
|
| hyenas, |
|
|
| Parts of |
| Rainfall 500 - |
|
| elephants, |
|
|
| Eurasia and |
| 900 mm |
|
| mice, moles, |
|
|
| North |
|
|
|
| snakes and |
|
|
| America |
|
|
|
| worms etc., |
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