Page 1
RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACK WATERS
RIVERS.
Kerala is rich in water potential.There are 41 westflowing rivers in the
State in addition to three eastflowing ones, which are the tributaries of the
Kaveri.Only four of the rivers exceed 100 miles in length.They are the
Bharatapuzha (156 miles), the Periyar (142 miles), the Pamba (110 miles) and
the Beypore or Chaliyar (105 miles). All other rivers are relatively small, the
average length being about 40 Miles.The Rivers of Kerala have considerably
influenced its historical and cultural development.They figure in one way or
other in the history and cultural life of the people of Kerala. Several places of
historical and cultural importance are located on the banks of the rivers.
Tirunavai, the place where the famous panKerala assembly called Mamamkam
was held under the presidency of the Zamorins of Calicut till the latter half of
the 18
th
century, is situated on the banks of the Bharatapuzha. It was here that
the mortal remains of national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru
and Lal Bahadur Sastri were immersed in recent times. Kaladi, the birthplace of
Sankaracharya stands on the banks of the river Periyar.The Periyar looms large
in the traditions and legends that have grown around the name of the great
Advaita philosopher.Alwaye, where the famous Sivaratri festival is held every
year in the month of Kumbham (FebruaryMarch), is another place of cultural
importance on the banks of this river.On the river Pamba are located such
places of religious importance as Aranmula, Chengannur, Maramon and
Edathwa.
The rivers have also played their part in the political and military history
of the State.The floods in the river Periyar in 1341 choked the mouth of the
Cranganore harbour and rendered it useless for purposes of trade.Cochin rose
into prominence simultaneously as a rival to Cranganore and before long if
developed into the major harbour on the Kerala coast.The floods of 1341 are also
48
Page 2
RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACK WATERS
RIVERS.
Kerala is rich in water potential.There are 41 westflowing rivers in the
State in addition to three eastflowing ones, which are the tributaries of the
Kaveri.Only four of the rivers exceed 100 miles in length.They are the
Bharatapuzha (156 miles), the Periyar (142 miles), the Pamba (110 miles) and
the Beypore or Chaliyar (105 miles). All other rivers are relatively small, the
average length being about 40 Miles.The Rivers of Kerala have considerably
influenced its historical and cultural development.They figure in one way or
other in the history and cultural life of the people of Kerala. Several places of
historical and cultural importance are located on the banks of the rivers.
Tirunavai, the place where the famous panKerala assembly called Mamamkam
was held under the presidency of the Zamorins of Calicut till the latter half of
the 18
th
century, is situated on the banks of the Bharatapuzha. It was here that
the mortal remains of national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru
and Lal Bahadur Sastri were immersed in recent times. Kaladi, the birthplace of
Sankaracharya stands on the banks of the river Periyar.The Periyar looms large
in the traditions and legends that have grown around the name of the great
Advaita philosopher.Alwaye, where the famous Sivaratri festival is held every
year in the month of Kumbham (FebruaryMarch), is another place of cultural
importance on the banks of this river.On the river Pamba are located such
places of religious importance as Aranmula, Chengannur, Maramon and
Edathwa.
The rivers have also played their part in the political and military history
of the State.The floods in the river Periyar in 1341 choked the mouth of the
Cranganore harbour and rendered it useless for purposes of trade.Cochin rose
into prominence simultaneously as a rival to Cranganore and before long if
developed into the major harbour on the Kerala coast.The floods of 1341 are also
48
believed to have brought into existence the island of Vaipin from the sea and
according to one school of thought the Puduvaipu era commencing in 1341
commemorates this event. Further, it was the floods in the same river that
prevented Tipu Sultan in 1789 from continuing his aggressive advance south of
Alwaye and attacking Travancore.In modern times the rivers of Kerala have been
successfully harnessed in the service of man. Several important irrigation
projects like the Malampuzha, Peechi and Periyar Valley have been executed in
recent years and these project sites have almost become the centres of modern
pilgrimage.The topography of the Western Ghats and the high intensity of
rainfall also make Kerala’s rivers rich in hydroelectric potential.Hydroelectric
projects like the Pallivasal, Sengulam, Peringalkuthy and Sabarigiri deserve
special mention in this connection and they have contributed not a little in
quickening the pace of the industrialization of modern Kerala.It is worth
mentionaing that the most important industrial centres of the State like
Punalur, Elur, Kallai and Baliapatam have risen on the banks of its rivers.The
contribution of the river system to the development of Kerala is thus unique in
every sense.
Drainage:The drainage pattern of the region is in conformity with the
physiographic divisions, with the summit of the Western Ghats forming the
watershed between the drainage system of Kerala and that of the Eastern
plains.There are 41 west flowing rivers in the Kerala region, the majority of
which drain themselves into the kayals. The highland region of the Western
Ghats comprises the sediment sources zone, while the midland and parts of
lowland areas is the transfer zone for most of the drainage basins.
Analysts have pointed out that there are two knick points for the rivers at
500 – 800 and 90 – 150 metre elevations, which correspond to two prominent
breaks in slope and mark the boundary between the Midlands and the Low
lands respectively.One of the characteristic features of the rivers in the Kerala
region is their having almost straight course.This, coupled with the nature of the
river profiles suggest that the drainage pattern is controlled to a great extent by
tectonic features.Diversity of drainage patterns and stream directions is
49
Page 3
RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACK WATERS
RIVERS.
Kerala is rich in water potential.There are 41 westflowing rivers in the
State in addition to three eastflowing ones, which are the tributaries of the
Kaveri.Only four of the rivers exceed 100 miles in length.They are the
Bharatapuzha (156 miles), the Periyar (142 miles), the Pamba (110 miles) and
the Beypore or Chaliyar (105 miles). All other rivers are relatively small, the
average length being about 40 Miles.The Rivers of Kerala have considerably
influenced its historical and cultural development.They figure in one way or
other in the history and cultural life of the people of Kerala. Several places of
historical and cultural importance are located on the banks of the rivers.
Tirunavai, the place where the famous panKerala assembly called Mamamkam
was held under the presidency of the Zamorins of Calicut till the latter half of
the 18
th
century, is situated on the banks of the Bharatapuzha. It was here that
the mortal remains of national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru
and Lal Bahadur Sastri were immersed in recent times. Kaladi, the birthplace of
Sankaracharya stands on the banks of the river Periyar.The Periyar looms large
in the traditions and legends that have grown around the name of the great
Advaita philosopher.Alwaye, where the famous Sivaratri festival is held every
year in the month of Kumbham (FebruaryMarch), is another place of cultural
importance on the banks of this river.On the river Pamba are located such
places of religious importance as Aranmula, Chengannur, Maramon and
Edathwa.
The rivers have also played their part in the political and military history
of the State.The floods in the river Periyar in 1341 choked the mouth of the
Cranganore harbour and rendered it useless for purposes of trade.Cochin rose
into prominence simultaneously as a rival to Cranganore and before long if
developed into the major harbour on the Kerala coast.The floods of 1341 are also
48
believed to have brought into existence the island of Vaipin from the sea and
according to one school of thought the Puduvaipu era commencing in 1341
commemorates this event. Further, it was the floods in the same river that
prevented Tipu Sultan in 1789 from continuing his aggressive advance south of
Alwaye and attacking Travancore.In modern times the rivers of Kerala have been
successfully harnessed in the service of man. Several important irrigation
projects like the Malampuzha, Peechi and Periyar Valley have been executed in
recent years and these project sites have almost become the centres of modern
pilgrimage.The topography of the Western Ghats and the high intensity of
rainfall also make Kerala’s rivers rich in hydroelectric potential.Hydroelectric
projects like the Pallivasal, Sengulam, Peringalkuthy and Sabarigiri deserve
special mention in this connection and they have contributed not a little in
quickening the pace of the industrialization of modern Kerala.It is worth
mentionaing that the most important industrial centres of the State like
Punalur, Elur, Kallai and Baliapatam have risen on the banks of its rivers.The
contribution of the river system to the development of Kerala is thus unique in
every sense.
Drainage:The drainage pattern of the region is in conformity with the
physiographic divisions, with the summit of the Western Ghats forming the
watershed between the drainage system of Kerala and that of the Eastern
plains.There are 41 west flowing rivers in the Kerala region, the majority of
which drain themselves into the kayals. The highland region of the Western
Ghats comprises the sediment sources zone, while the midland and parts of
lowland areas is the transfer zone for most of the drainage basins.
Analysts have pointed out that there are two knick points for the rivers at
500 – 800 and 90 – 150 metre elevations, which correspond to two prominent
breaks in slope and mark the boundary between the Midlands and the Low
lands respectively.One of the characteristic features of the rivers in the Kerala
region is their having almost straight course.This, coupled with the nature of the
river profiles suggest that the drainage pattern is controlled to a great extent by
tectonic features.Diversity of drainage patterns and stream directions is
49
observed in the hilly regions.These must have been the remnants of earlier
drainage, constantly captured and eliminated by the headward erosion of the
present westerly drainage. The majority of the rivers in Kerala flow in a general
westerly direction.Most of the rivers follow the structural trend of rocks. In the
coastal plains, which are covered by a thick mantle of alluvium and laterite, the
streams flow with a low gradient towards the sea.
The rivers have incised drainage pattern controlled by structural features
– faults, shear zones and joints.The knick points cited above as observed by
researchers may indicate neotectonic isostatis movements, the details of which
are yet to be brought out through Geophysical observations.Although
dimensionally small in comparison to rivers in other parts of India, the rivers in
Kerala gain prominence on account of the heavy load of water and sediment
drained annually, contributed by the copious rainfall and the rapidly falling
terrain.The forty one westflowing rivers mostly have their source in the
WesternGhats and drain into the Laksha Dweep Sea either directly or through
the Kayals.Ten of these rivers have a portion of their catchment areas in the
neighbouring States; either in Karnataka or in Tamil Nadu.Apart from the forty
one rivers listed in table 2; there are a few more streams such as the Kumbla,
the Kalnad, the Bekal, and the Pooraparamba etc. which have separate
watersheds and exit directly or through the backwaters into the Lakshadweep
Sea. However these rivers are very small, having lengths less than 15
km.Although they have not been discussed separately, their ctchments and
water resources have been considered along with those of the large basins
adjacent to them.Brief accounts of the important rivers is given below:
WEST FLOWING RIVERS
1. Manjeswar River: Originating from Balepuni hills on the border between
Kerala and Karnataka at 60 m. above mean sea level, the river Manjeswar flows
through the villages Vorkadi, Pavuru and Badaje and then enters Manjeswar
town.After a 16km. course, this river falls into the Uppala kayal.The extent of
the basin is 90 sq.km.
50
Page 4
RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACK WATERS
RIVERS.
Kerala is rich in water potential.There are 41 westflowing rivers in the
State in addition to three eastflowing ones, which are the tributaries of the
Kaveri.Only four of the rivers exceed 100 miles in length.They are the
Bharatapuzha (156 miles), the Periyar (142 miles), the Pamba (110 miles) and
the Beypore or Chaliyar (105 miles). All other rivers are relatively small, the
average length being about 40 Miles.The Rivers of Kerala have considerably
influenced its historical and cultural development.They figure in one way or
other in the history and cultural life of the people of Kerala. Several places of
historical and cultural importance are located on the banks of the rivers.
Tirunavai, the place where the famous panKerala assembly called Mamamkam
was held under the presidency of the Zamorins of Calicut till the latter half of
the 18
th
century, is situated on the banks of the Bharatapuzha. It was here that
the mortal remains of national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru
and Lal Bahadur Sastri were immersed in recent times. Kaladi, the birthplace of
Sankaracharya stands on the banks of the river Periyar.The Periyar looms large
in the traditions and legends that have grown around the name of the great
Advaita philosopher.Alwaye, where the famous Sivaratri festival is held every
year in the month of Kumbham (FebruaryMarch), is another place of cultural
importance on the banks of this river.On the river Pamba are located such
places of religious importance as Aranmula, Chengannur, Maramon and
Edathwa.
The rivers have also played their part in the political and military history
of the State.The floods in the river Periyar in 1341 choked the mouth of the
Cranganore harbour and rendered it useless for purposes of trade.Cochin rose
into prominence simultaneously as a rival to Cranganore and before long if
developed into the major harbour on the Kerala coast.The floods of 1341 are also
48
believed to have brought into existence the island of Vaipin from the sea and
according to one school of thought the Puduvaipu era commencing in 1341
commemorates this event. Further, it was the floods in the same river that
prevented Tipu Sultan in 1789 from continuing his aggressive advance south of
Alwaye and attacking Travancore.In modern times the rivers of Kerala have been
successfully harnessed in the service of man. Several important irrigation
projects like the Malampuzha, Peechi and Periyar Valley have been executed in
recent years and these project sites have almost become the centres of modern
pilgrimage.The topography of the Western Ghats and the high intensity of
rainfall also make Kerala’s rivers rich in hydroelectric potential.Hydroelectric
projects like the Pallivasal, Sengulam, Peringalkuthy and Sabarigiri deserve
special mention in this connection and they have contributed not a little in
quickening the pace of the industrialization of modern Kerala.It is worth
mentionaing that the most important industrial centres of the State like
Punalur, Elur, Kallai and Baliapatam have risen on the banks of its rivers.The
contribution of the river system to the development of Kerala is thus unique in
every sense.
Drainage:The drainage pattern of the region is in conformity with the
physiographic divisions, with the summit of the Western Ghats forming the
watershed between the drainage system of Kerala and that of the Eastern
plains.There are 41 west flowing rivers in the Kerala region, the majority of
which drain themselves into the kayals. The highland region of the Western
Ghats comprises the sediment sources zone, while the midland and parts of
lowland areas is the transfer zone for most of the drainage basins.
Analysts have pointed out that there are two knick points for the rivers at
500 – 800 and 90 – 150 metre elevations, which correspond to two prominent
breaks in slope and mark the boundary between the Midlands and the Low
lands respectively.One of the characteristic features of the rivers in the Kerala
region is their having almost straight course.This, coupled with the nature of the
river profiles suggest that the drainage pattern is controlled to a great extent by
tectonic features.Diversity of drainage patterns and stream directions is
49
observed in the hilly regions.These must have been the remnants of earlier
drainage, constantly captured and eliminated by the headward erosion of the
present westerly drainage. The majority of the rivers in Kerala flow in a general
westerly direction.Most of the rivers follow the structural trend of rocks. In the
coastal plains, which are covered by a thick mantle of alluvium and laterite, the
streams flow with a low gradient towards the sea.
The rivers have incised drainage pattern controlled by structural features
– faults, shear zones and joints.The knick points cited above as observed by
researchers may indicate neotectonic isostatis movements, the details of which
are yet to be brought out through Geophysical observations.Although
dimensionally small in comparison to rivers in other parts of India, the rivers in
Kerala gain prominence on account of the heavy load of water and sediment
drained annually, contributed by the copious rainfall and the rapidly falling
terrain.The forty one westflowing rivers mostly have their source in the
WesternGhats and drain into the Laksha Dweep Sea either directly or through
the Kayals.Ten of these rivers have a portion of their catchment areas in the
neighbouring States; either in Karnataka or in Tamil Nadu.Apart from the forty
one rivers listed in table 2; there are a few more streams such as the Kumbla,
the Kalnad, the Bekal, and the Pooraparamba etc. which have separate
watersheds and exit directly or through the backwaters into the Lakshadweep
Sea. However these rivers are very small, having lengths less than 15
km.Although they have not been discussed separately, their ctchments and
water resources have been considered along with those of the large basins
adjacent to them.Brief accounts of the important rivers is given below:
WEST FLOWING RIVERS
1. Manjeswar River: Originating from Balepuni hills on the border between
Kerala and Karnataka at 60 m. above mean sea level, the river Manjeswar flows
through the villages Vorkadi, Pavuru and Badaje and then enters Manjeswar
town.After a 16km. course, this river falls into the Uppala kayal.The extent of
the basin is 90 sq.km.
50
2. Uppala River: Uppala River rises at about 150 m. above Mean sea level from
the Virakamba Hills in Karnataka and enters Kerala after a southward course of
7 km. and runs through the state boundary for about 6 km. In Kerala it flows
Westward through the villages Minja, Kuluru, Bekuru and Kodibail all in the
Kasargod taluk.The estuary of this 50 km. long river has widened itself into a
small lake, through which the Manjeswar River finds its exit. Out of the total
catchment are of 250 sq.km. of this river, 174 sq.km. lie within the state of
Karnataka.
3.Shiriya River: Originating from Anekundi Reserve forest in Karnataka, at an
elevation of about 230 m. above Mean sea level.Shiriya flows 11 km. towards
west and then turns north and flows in that direction for 6 km. through
Karnataka.Then it follows a westerly course for 30 km., changes its direction
and flows in a Southwesterly direction for 8 km., through the villages Puttige,
Mugu, Angadimogaru, Badoor, Maire, Kundlamerkala, Arikadi, Ujar, Ulvar and
Bombrana.The river then flows a westerly direction for 10 km. and then in a
southwesterly direction for 3 km. through the villages Kayyar, Ichlangod,
Shiriya and Bombrana before joining the sea through the Kumbla backwaters.
The Kumbla a small originating in Edanad also empties into the same
backwaters.The Pallaradka hole, one of the tributaries to Shiriya, also originates
in Karnataka and joins the main river from the left in Angadi mogaru.The other
important tributaries are the Kallejethodu, the Kanyana thodu and the eramatti
Hole.The upper reaches of the main river are variously known at different
reaches.The length of Shiriya is 67 km. and the total drainage area 587 sq. km.
out of this, 297 sq. km. lie within Karnataka.
4. Mogral River: The 34 km. long Mogral River has its entire course within
Kerala.Rising from Kanathur in Karadka R.F. it flows through Bettipadi, Muliyar
and Yedhir.From Yedhir, the river meanders through fairly flat regions in the
villages Madhur and Patla and empties into the sea after forming a stretch of
backwaters, 5 km. long. A distance of 20 km. of the course from the mouth is
tidal.The area of the basin is 132 sq.km.
51
Page 5
RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACK WATERS
RIVERS.
Kerala is rich in water potential.There are 41 westflowing rivers in the
State in addition to three eastflowing ones, which are the tributaries of the
Kaveri.Only four of the rivers exceed 100 miles in length.They are the
Bharatapuzha (156 miles), the Periyar (142 miles), the Pamba (110 miles) and
the Beypore or Chaliyar (105 miles). All other rivers are relatively small, the
average length being about 40 Miles.The Rivers of Kerala have considerably
influenced its historical and cultural development.They figure in one way or
other in the history and cultural life of the people of Kerala. Several places of
historical and cultural importance are located on the banks of the rivers.
Tirunavai, the place where the famous panKerala assembly called Mamamkam
was held under the presidency of the Zamorins of Calicut till the latter half of
the 18
th
century, is situated on the banks of the Bharatapuzha. It was here that
the mortal remains of national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru
and Lal Bahadur Sastri were immersed in recent times. Kaladi, the birthplace of
Sankaracharya stands on the banks of the river Periyar.The Periyar looms large
in the traditions and legends that have grown around the name of the great
Advaita philosopher.Alwaye, where the famous Sivaratri festival is held every
year in the month of Kumbham (FebruaryMarch), is another place of cultural
importance on the banks of this river.On the river Pamba are located such
places of religious importance as Aranmula, Chengannur, Maramon and
Edathwa.
The rivers have also played their part in the political and military history
of the State.The floods in the river Periyar in 1341 choked the mouth of the
Cranganore harbour and rendered it useless for purposes of trade.Cochin rose
into prominence simultaneously as a rival to Cranganore and before long if
developed into the major harbour on the Kerala coast.The floods of 1341 are also
48
believed to have brought into existence the island of Vaipin from the sea and
according to one school of thought the Puduvaipu era commencing in 1341
commemorates this event. Further, it was the floods in the same river that
prevented Tipu Sultan in 1789 from continuing his aggressive advance south of
Alwaye and attacking Travancore.In modern times the rivers of Kerala have been
successfully harnessed in the service of man. Several important irrigation
projects like the Malampuzha, Peechi and Periyar Valley have been executed in
recent years and these project sites have almost become the centres of modern
pilgrimage.The topography of the Western Ghats and the high intensity of
rainfall also make Kerala’s rivers rich in hydroelectric potential.Hydroelectric
projects like the Pallivasal, Sengulam, Peringalkuthy and Sabarigiri deserve
special mention in this connection and they have contributed not a little in
quickening the pace of the industrialization of modern Kerala.It is worth
mentionaing that the most important industrial centres of the State like
Punalur, Elur, Kallai and Baliapatam have risen on the banks of its rivers.The
contribution of the river system to the development of Kerala is thus unique in
every sense.
Drainage:The drainage pattern of the region is in conformity with the
physiographic divisions, with the summit of the Western Ghats forming the
watershed between the drainage system of Kerala and that of the Eastern
plains.There are 41 west flowing rivers in the Kerala region, the majority of
which drain themselves into the kayals. The highland region of the Western
Ghats comprises the sediment sources zone, while the midland and parts of
lowland areas is the transfer zone for most of the drainage basins.
Analysts have pointed out that there are two knick points for the rivers at
500 – 800 and 90 – 150 metre elevations, which correspond to two prominent
breaks in slope and mark the boundary between the Midlands and the Low
lands respectively.One of the characteristic features of the rivers in the Kerala
region is their having almost straight course.This, coupled with the nature of the
river profiles suggest that the drainage pattern is controlled to a great extent by
tectonic features.Diversity of drainage patterns and stream directions is
49
observed in the hilly regions.These must have been the remnants of earlier
drainage, constantly captured and eliminated by the headward erosion of the
present westerly drainage. The majority of the rivers in Kerala flow in a general
westerly direction.Most of the rivers follow the structural trend of rocks. In the
coastal plains, which are covered by a thick mantle of alluvium and laterite, the
streams flow with a low gradient towards the sea.
The rivers have incised drainage pattern controlled by structural features
– faults, shear zones and joints.The knick points cited above as observed by
researchers may indicate neotectonic isostatis movements, the details of which
are yet to be brought out through Geophysical observations.Although
dimensionally small in comparison to rivers in other parts of India, the rivers in
Kerala gain prominence on account of the heavy load of water and sediment
drained annually, contributed by the copious rainfall and the rapidly falling
terrain.The forty one westflowing rivers mostly have their source in the
WesternGhats and drain into the Laksha Dweep Sea either directly or through
the Kayals.Ten of these rivers have a portion of their catchment areas in the
neighbouring States; either in Karnataka or in Tamil Nadu.Apart from the forty
one rivers listed in table 2; there are a few more streams such as the Kumbla,
the Kalnad, the Bekal, and the Pooraparamba etc. which have separate
watersheds and exit directly or through the backwaters into the Lakshadweep
Sea. However these rivers are very small, having lengths less than 15
km.Although they have not been discussed separately, their ctchments and
water resources have been considered along with those of the large basins
adjacent to them.Brief accounts of the important rivers is given below:
WEST FLOWING RIVERS
1. Manjeswar River: Originating from Balepuni hills on the border between
Kerala and Karnataka at 60 m. above mean sea level, the river Manjeswar flows
through the villages Vorkadi, Pavuru and Badaje and then enters Manjeswar
town.After a 16km. course, this river falls into the Uppala kayal.The extent of
the basin is 90 sq.km.
50
2. Uppala River: Uppala River rises at about 150 m. above Mean sea level from
the Virakamba Hills in Karnataka and enters Kerala after a southward course of
7 km. and runs through the state boundary for about 6 km. In Kerala it flows
Westward through the villages Minja, Kuluru, Bekuru and Kodibail all in the
Kasargod taluk.The estuary of this 50 km. long river has widened itself into a
small lake, through which the Manjeswar River finds its exit. Out of the total
catchment are of 250 sq.km. of this river, 174 sq.km. lie within the state of
Karnataka.
3.Shiriya River: Originating from Anekundi Reserve forest in Karnataka, at an
elevation of about 230 m. above Mean sea level.Shiriya flows 11 km. towards
west and then turns north and flows in that direction for 6 km. through
Karnataka.Then it follows a westerly course for 30 km., changes its direction
and flows in a Southwesterly direction for 8 km., through the villages Puttige,
Mugu, Angadimogaru, Badoor, Maire, Kundlamerkala, Arikadi, Ujar, Ulvar and
Bombrana.The river then flows a westerly direction for 10 km. and then in a
southwesterly direction for 3 km. through the villages Kayyar, Ichlangod,
Shiriya and Bombrana before joining the sea through the Kumbla backwaters.
The Kumbla a small originating in Edanad also empties into the same
backwaters.The Pallaradka hole, one of the tributaries to Shiriya, also originates
in Karnataka and joins the main river from the left in Angadi mogaru.The other
important tributaries are the Kallejethodu, the Kanyana thodu and the eramatti
Hole.The upper reaches of the main river are variously known at different
reaches.The length of Shiriya is 67 km. and the total drainage area 587 sq. km.
out of this, 297 sq. km. lie within Karnataka.
4. Mogral River: The 34 km. long Mogral River has its entire course within
Kerala.Rising from Kanathur in Karadka R.F. it flows through Bettipadi, Muliyar
and Yedhir.From Yedhir, the river meanders through fairly flat regions in the
villages Madhur and Patla and empties into the sea after forming a stretch of
backwaters, 5 km. long. A distance of 20 km. of the course from the mouth is
tidal.The area of the basin is 132 sq.km.
51
5. Chandragiri River: One of the major rivers in the state, the Chandragiri
River originates at 1.220 m. above Mean sea level from Patti Ghat R.F. in
Karnataka. Its main tributary Payaswani also rises from Patti Ghat at 1350 m.
above Mean sea level.These two tributaries combine to form the main river at
about 15 km. upstream of its mouth.The river has a total length of 105 km. and
drains an area of 1,407 sq.km. of which 836 sq. km. lie within Karnataka.After
the confluence with Payaswani, the waters of Chandragiri become tidal.The river
flows to north and then south widening itself and forming small braids
(thuruths) which hardly stand above water during floods. The river winds round
the Kasargod town in Ushape, before its entrance to sea.The left arm expands
into a long stretch of backwaters.The minor port of Kasaragod is located
here.There is very evidence for this river having shifted its course at the mouth.
6.Chittari River: The Chittari basin includes the watersheds of the rivers
Kalnad, Bekal and Chittari.The small stream Kalnad rises from Chettianchal
hillocks at an elevation of 91 m. Kalnad stream is 8 km. long and joins Kalnad
backwaters at 2 km. upstream of its outlet to sea.The extent of the basin is 16
sq.km.The Bekal river is formed by the joining together of two small streams
originating from Kaniyadka and Maladka respectively.Though the river rises at
an elevation of 75 m., it abruptly drops to 15 m. in the course of about 3 km.
Bekal River is 40 km.The area of its catchment area is 32 sq.km.The tidal reach
is upto 3 km. from the mouth.The Chittari is formed by a number of rivulets –
originating from Cherambe, Tayakulam and Pullur, which flow down to form a
backwater before emptying into the Lakshadweep Sea. 25km. long, the Chittari
drains an area of 97 Sq.km.The River is tidal for about 6 km. from the mouth.
7.Nileswar River: Rising from Kinanur in Hosdurg taluk, the Nileswar River is
known as Pallichal thodu in its initials reaches.Its main tributaries Aryangal
thodu and the Baigote Hole join the main river 8 km. downstream of its
origin.Though the source of the river is at about 140 m. above Mean sea level the
bed falls to 15 m. elevation within a course of 8 km.It joins the Karingote River
towards its mouth at Kottappuram to the SouthWest of Nileswaram town.The
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