Page 1
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Archaeological sources constitute the main source materials for the
reconstruction of the ancient period in Kerala History.The relics of tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history. The
archaeological excavations are widely carried on in different parts of India,
especially in the postindependence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its lifestyle.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Prehistoric
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were buried at specific places along with food items, tools, ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists; Urn burials, Menhirs etc. are found in Kerala also.But Hat stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rockcut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search For Primary Sources
Page 2
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Archaeological sources constitute the main source materials for the
reconstruction of the ancient period in Kerala History.The relics of tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history. The
archaeological excavations are widely carried on in different parts of India,
especially in the postindependence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its lifestyle.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Prehistoric
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were buried at specific places along with food items, tools, ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists; Urn burials, Menhirs etc. are found in Kerala also.But Hat stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rockcut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search For Primary Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent. A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rockcut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rockcut
caves belonging to the Megalithic period was excavated in detail by V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the Urns discovered at the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Eraniyil in
Trivandrum district is such a site where many number of urn burials are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
Systematic and scientific survey was conducted by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built by bricks are found mostly in Cochin and Malabar.These are seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multiroomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu at Kodungallur in 1946.Though the findings of Achan have been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
The Archaeological Survey of India and the Kerala Archaeological
Department jointly conducteda detailed excavation process at Cheraman
Parambu, Trikkulasekhara Puram, Tiruvanjikulam, Matilakam and
Kaurppadanna during 196970. As a result of this the date of the material
133
Page 3
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Archaeological sources constitute the main source materials for the
reconstruction of the ancient period in Kerala History.The relics of tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history. The
archaeological excavations are widely carried on in different parts of India,
especially in the postindependence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its lifestyle.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Prehistoric
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were buried at specific places along with food items, tools, ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists; Urn burials, Menhirs etc. are found in Kerala also.But Hat stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rockcut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search For Primary Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent. A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rockcut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rockcut
caves belonging to the Megalithic period was excavated in detail by V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the Urns discovered at the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Eraniyil in
Trivandrum district is such a site where many number of urn burials are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
Systematic and scientific survey was conducted by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built by bricks are found mostly in Cochin and Malabar.These are seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multiroomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu at Kodungallur in 1946.Though the findings of Achan have been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
The Archaeological Survey of India and the Kerala Archaeological
Department jointly conducteda detailed excavation process at Cheraman
Parambu, Trikkulasekhara Puram, Tiruvanjikulam, Matilakam and
Kaurppadanna during 196970. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth centuries and the imported Chinese pottery belonged to the Tenth
century.Albiruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been roughly ascribed to 8
th
and 9
th
centuries.The inscriptions found at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
and 11
th
centuries. The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period. The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site. An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like Feroke, Chevayur and Chathan Paramba.However, the most important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the forerunner of all
future excavations and explorations.In the later period many scholars like,
Panchanan Mitra.Beck, Plenderlith, Camide etc. have conducted extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the prehistoric and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of prehistoric and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Page 4
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Archaeological sources constitute the main source materials for the
reconstruction of the ancient period in Kerala History.The relics of tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history. The
archaeological excavations are widely carried on in different parts of India,
especially in the postindependence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its lifestyle.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Prehistoric
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were buried at specific places along with food items, tools, ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists; Urn burials, Menhirs etc. are found in Kerala also.But Hat stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rockcut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search For Primary Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent. A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rockcut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rockcut
caves belonging to the Megalithic period was excavated in detail by V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the Urns discovered at the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Eraniyil in
Trivandrum district is such a site where many number of urn burials are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
Systematic and scientific survey was conducted by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built by bricks are found mostly in Cochin and Malabar.These are seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multiroomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu at Kodungallur in 1946.Though the findings of Achan have been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
The Archaeological Survey of India and the Kerala Archaeological
Department jointly conducteda detailed excavation process at Cheraman
Parambu, Trikkulasekhara Puram, Tiruvanjikulam, Matilakam and
Kaurppadanna during 196970. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth centuries and the imported Chinese pottery belonged to the Tenth
century.Albiruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been roughly ascribed to 8
th
and 9
th
centuries.The inscriptions found at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
and 11
th
centuries. The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period. The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site. An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like Feroke, Chevayur and Chathan Paramba.However, the most important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the forerunner of all
future excavations and explorations.In the later period many scholars like,
Panchanan Mitra.Beck, Plenderlith, Camide etc. have conducted extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the prehistoric and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of prehistoric and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Anchanad valley in Idukki, Naduvil near Taliparamba, and the river beds of
Palakkad etc. resulting in the production of new informations. Remains of
different objects made of stone, copper, bronze, silver, old, and iron have been
found at various places in Kerala.The archaeologists and historians are of
different opinion regarding the dating of these material remains.
Archaeology which is called “the handmaid of history” is often a reliable
guide to the historian.The archaeological sources of Kerala history may be
broadly classified into three sections, viz., (1) Monuments, (2) Coins and (3)
Inscriptions.
MONUMENTS.
In the first category may be included the megaliths stone images, temples,
churches, mosques, synagogues, palaces, forts and historical sites.The
megalithic monuments such as dolmens, menhirs, porthole cists, kudakallus or
umbrella stones, topikallus or hat stones and rockcut caves discovered from
places like the Anjanad Valley, Trichur, Porkalam, Eyyal, Cheramanangad,
Kattakampal, Taliparamba, Edakkal, etc., help to throw light on the prehistoric
culture of Kerala. The earliest of the temples of Kerala are the rockcut temples
seen at Kallil, Kottukal, Vizhinjam, Madavurpara, Trikkakudi, Trikkur,
Irunilamcode and Tiruvegapura.Some writers ascribe a Buddhist or Jaina origin
to these temples.They have been assigned to the period from the 8
th
to the 10
th
century A.D.The stone sculptures in the Trikkakudi temples near Kaviyur are
reckoned among the “earliest Chera carvings” and they represent a local branch
of the Pallava school. The figure of a bearded Rishi carved out in stone at
Trikkakudi resembles the Rishi in the “Descent of the Ganges” at
Mamallapuram. The rockcut reliefs at Vizhinjam show traces of the influence of
the later Pallava style.The rockcut temple at Kottukal contains a sculptural
representation the like of which is not seen anywhere else in India.The Nandi
Monkey episode of the Puranas is represented here. A monkey with a trident or
Trishul is carved on the niche on the outer wall of the left cell of the Garbagriha
and just in front of it is a monolithic Nandi suggesting the recollection by
Ravana at the time of the Lanka Dahana of the curse that was imposed upon
135
Page 5
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Archaeological sources constitute the main source materials for the
reconstruction of the ancient period in Kerala History.The relics of tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history. The
archaeological excavations are widely carried on in different parts of India,
especially in the postindependence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its lifestyle.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Prehistoric
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were buried at specific places along with food items, tools, ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists; Urn burials, Menhirs etc. are found in Kerala also.But Hat stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rockcut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search For Primary Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent. A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rockcut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rockcut
caves belonging to the Megalithic period was excavated in detail by V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the Urns discovered at the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Eraniyil in
Trivandrum district is such a site where many number of urn burials are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
Systematic and scientific survey was conducted by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built by bricks are found mostly in Cochin and Malabar.These are seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multiroomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu at Kodungallur in 1946.Though the findings of Achan have been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
The Archaeological Survey of India and the Kerala Archaeological
Department jointly conducteda detailed excavation process at Cheraman
Parambu, Trikkulasekhara Puram, Tiruvanjikulam, Matilakam and
Kaurppadanna during 196970. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth centuries and the imported Chinese pottery belonged to the Tenth
century.Albiruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been roughly ascribed to 8
th
and 9
th
centuries.The inscriptions found at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
and 11
th
centuries. The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period. The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site. An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like Feroke, Chevayur and Chathan Paramba.However, the most important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the forerunner of all
future excavations and explorations.In the later period many scholars like,
Panchanan Mitra.Beck, Plenderlith, Camide etc. have conducted extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the prehistoric and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of prehistoric and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Anchanad valley in Idukki, Naduvil near Taliparamba, and the river beds of
Palakkad etc. resulting in the production of new informations. Remains of
different objects made of stone, copper, bronze, silver, old, and iron have been
found at various places in Kerala.The archaeologists and historians are of
different opinion regarding the dating of these material remains.
Archaeology which is called “the handmaid of history” is often a reliable
guide to the historian.The archaeological sources of Kerala history may be
broadly classified into three sections, viz., (1) Monuments, (2) Coins and (3)
Inscriptions.
MONUMENTS.
In the first category may be included the megaliths stone images, temples,
churches, mosques, synagogues, palaces, forts and historical sites.The
megalithic monuments such as dolmens, menhirs, porthole cists, kudakallus or
umbrella stones, topikallus or hat stones and rockcut caves discovered from
places like the Anjanad Valley, Trichur, Porkalam, Eyyal, Cheramanangad,
Kattakampal, Taliparamba, Edakkal, etc., help to throw light on the prehistoric
culture of Kerala. The earliest of the temples of Kerala are the rockcut temples
seen at Kallil, Kottukal, Vizhinjam, Madavurpara, Trikkakudi, Trikkur,
Irunilamcode and Tiruvegapura.Some writers ascribe a Buddhist or Jaina origin
to these temples.They have been assigned to the period from the 8
th
to the 10
th
century A.D.The stone sculptures in the Trikkakudi temples near Kaviyur are
reckoned among the “earliest Chera carvings” and they represent a local branch
of the Pallava school. The figure of a bearded Rishi carved out in stone at
Trikkakudi resembles the Rishi in the “Descent of the Ganges” at
Mamallapuram. The rockcut reliefs at Vizhinjam show traces of the influence of
the later Pallava style.The rockcut temple at Kottukal contains a sculptural
representation the like of which is not seen anywhere else in India.The Nandi
Monkey episode of the Puranas is represented here. A monkey with a trident or
Trishul is carved on the niche on the outer wall of the left cell of the Garbagriha
and just in front of it is a monolithic Nandi suggesting the recollection by
Ravana at the time of the Lanka Dahana of the curse that was imposed upon
135
him earlier at Kailas by Nandikeswara that his kingdom would be destroyed by a
monkey. The rockcut cave at Kallil near Perumbavoor which contains images of
Parswanath, Mahavira and Padmavathi Devi is one of the few Jain monuments
met with in Kerala and it throws light on the early period of Kerala history when
Jainism prospered in the land. There are also two old Jain bastis at Bangra
Manjeswar in the northernmost part of the State.The stone images of the
Buddha discovered from such places as Bharanikavu, Karumadi, Mavelikkara,
Maruturkulangara and pallikkal are considered to be fine examples of the
sculpture of the 7
th
, 8
th
and 9
th
centuries and they remind us of the “Buddhist
Period” in Kerala history. They also bear resemblance to the Buddhist images
discovered from Ceylon during the period.
The origin of the structural temples in Kerala may be traced to the
beginning of the 9
th
century A.D. A study of the stylistic evidences revealed by
them helps to throw considerable light on the evolution of Kerala art,
architecture and sculpture. The vast majority of the Kerala temples have been
built in the Kerala style with its characteristic Sri Kovil and predominance of
wood architecture, but there are also a few which represent the Dravidian
style.The Bhagavathi temple at Vizhinjam is the earliest specimen of the
Dravidian style of temple architecture.It is built in the style of early Chola
temples and has been assigned to the 9
th
century A.D.The Sri
Padmanabhaswami temple, Trivandrum, is also a major specimen of the
Dravidian style, but it shows traces of the indigenous style as well.The
Parasurama shrine at Tiruvallam near Trivandrum is another notable example of
the Dravidian style. Among the most important temples built in Kerala style
those of Irinjalakuda, Tiruvanvandur, Trikkodithanam, Trikkakara, Trichur
(Vadakkunnathan), Tiruvanchikulam, Triprayar, Tripunithura, etc., deserve
mention.The temples of Kerala are also famous for their wood carving and mural
paintings.Wood carvings of exquisite charm representing Puranic themes and
personages may be seen at
Chathankulangara,Vettikulangara,Tirukoratti,Turavur,Pazhur,Onakkur,Guruva
yur,Tiruvangad,and adiyankulam. Mural paintings have been found in the
136
Read More