Spoken and Written Expression | English Olympiad for Class 2 PDF Download

Introduction 

• It's obvious that language consists of words arranged properly to form sentences. If sentences aren't constructed correctly, the listener or reader won't understand what we're trying to say. 
• Language is how we communicate with others, and English has become a global language. Being able to read, write, and speak English allows us to communicate anywhere in the world. 
• Just like any language, English has rules that need to be followed. Using the wrong words can lead to misunderstandings. To become proficient in any language, consistent practice is essential. 
• This can include listening to English speakers, watching English TV shows, and reading English literature. 
• If you encounter unfamiliar words while reading, look them up in the dictionary. Remember, nobody is perfect, so keep trying and learning. 
• It's also helpful to learn basic grammar rules.

Punctuation

Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks.

1. Always use capital letter in the beginning of the sentence.
2. Period ( • )
   The period is used to end a sentence. It is also known as Full Stop.
   Example: I can swim.
3. Commas( , )
   Commas are used to show a brief pause in a sentence.
   Example: Good Morning, Sir
4. Question Mark ( ? )
   Use a question mark at the end of a question.
   Example: How are you?

Basic Grammar Rules

Here are some of the main skills needed to master grammar at second-grade level:

• Use common irregular nouns
• Use plural nouns and irregular plural nouns
• Use collective nouns
• Use reflexive pronouns
• Use adjectives and adverbs
• Use adjectives that compare (for example: greater, greatest)
• Use past tense of irregular verbs
• Use correct subject-verb agreement in sentences
• Use adverbs to describe verbs

Let’s take a look at some of these concepts in detail.
1. Collective Nouns
A collective noun is a word that names a group of people, animals, or things.

Example

• The choir sang loudly.
• Choir is the collective noun for a group of singers.

2. Plural Nouns 
Most nouns can be singular or plural. A singular noun is just one, a plural noun is more than one.
Singular noun: apple
Plural noun: apples

Usually, to make a singular noun plural, we add the letter "s" or the letters "es".

Nouns that can't be made plural by adding "s" or "es" are called irregular plural nouns. Irregular plural nouns need to be learned as they do not always follow a pattern.
Here are some common examples:

• foot ⇨ feet
• child ⇨ children
• tooth ⇨ teeth
• mouse ⇨ mice

3. Reflexive Pronouns
Pronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition in a sentence. Some of the most commonly used pronouns are she, her, hers, he, him, and his.
Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of a sentence.
These are all reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

4. Past Tense Irregular Verbs
Verbs tell us the action that is happening in a sentence. When we want to show that an action happened in the past, we add the letters -ed to regular verbs.
Examples

• walk ⇨ walked
• jump ⇨ jumped
• cook ⇨ cooked

Irregular verbs don’t follow the pattern of adding -ed when we want to show an action happened in the past. Past tense irregular verbs have a different spelling.
Examples

• go ⇨ went
• make ⇨ made
• smell ⇨ smelt

5. Adjectives and Adverbs 
Adjectives and adverbs are both types of describing words, but they describe different things.
Adjectives describe nouns (naming words).
Examples:

• quiet dog - adjective noun
• clean kitchen - adjective noun

Adverbs describe verbs (action words).
Examples

• quickly run - adverb verb
• softly pat - adverb verb

Expression 

1. When your tap is not working

Mrs. Paula: The tap is leaking.
Mr. Paul: I think we should call a plumber immediately.

2. When you meet someone on road
Mohan: Hello, Ram. It has been a long time since we met. How are you?
Ram: I am fine, how are you?

3. A visit to a doctor
Patient: Good morning, doctor.!
Doctor: Good morning, what's wrong with you?
Patient: I've been suffering from fever since yesterday.

4. At a Hotel Reception
Receptionist: Sir, May I help you.
Customer: Yes, I want a room which is pool facing.

5. A telephonic conversation
Hello, who’s calling?
Hello I am Ryan. May I speak to Paul?