Page 1
Short Notes on Design of Steel Structures
Tension Member
? A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to loads other then wind or
earthquake forces has maximum slenderness ratio =180
? A member normally acting as a tie in roof truss or bracing system. But subjected to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces has maximum
slenderness ratio =350
Net Sectional Area
? For plate: Net area = (b x t) – nd't
22
12
12
44
ss
t
gg
??
??
??
??
? Single angle connected by one leg only.
o
12 net
AAkA ??
where, A
1
= Net cross-section of area of the connected leg.
A
2
= Gross cross-sectional area of unconnected leg. (out stand)
o
1
12
3
3
A
k
A A
?
?
o
11
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
22
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
12
()
net
A II tt ?? ?
? For pair of angle placed back to back (or a signal tee) connected by only one leg of each angle
(or by the flange of a tee) to the same side of a gusset plate: or it the two angles are tagged
along a-a.
Page 2
Short Notes on Design of Steel Structures
Tension Member
? A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to loads other then wind or
earthquake forces has maximum slenderness ratio =180
? A member normally acting as a tie in roof truss or bracing system. But subjected to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces has maximum
slenderness ratio =350
Net Sectional Area
? For plate: Net area = (b x t) – nd't
22
12
12
44
ss
t
gg
??
??
??
??
? Single angle connected by one leg only.
o
12 net
AAkA ??
where, A
1
= Net cross-section of area of the connected leg.
A
2
= Gross cross-sectional area of unconnected leg. (out stand)
o
1
12
3
3
A
k
A A
?
?
o
11
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
22
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
12
()
net
A II tt ?? ?
? For pair of angle placed back to back (or a signal tee) connected by only one leg of each angle
(or by the flange of a tee) to the same side of a gusset plate: or it the two angles are tagged
along a-a.
o
12 net
A AkA ??
o
1
12
5
5
A
k
AA
?
?
where, A
1
= Area of connected leg
A
2
= Area of outstand (unconnected leg)
? If two angles are places back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset plate. Then
o
12
(1)
net
AAAk ?? ?
when tack riveted.
If not tack riveted then both will be considered separately and case (ii) will be followed
1
12
3
3
A
k
AA
?
?
Permissible Stress in Design
? The direct stress in axial tension on the effective net area should not exceeded s
at
where
?
s
at
= 0.5f
y
? f
y
= minimum yield stress of steel in MPa
Lug Angle
? The lug angle is a short length of an angle section used at a joint to connect the outstanding
leg of a member, thereby reducing the length of the joint. When lug angle is used k = 1
Compression Member
Strength of an Axially Loaded Compression Member
? The maximum axial compressive load P
P = s
ac
x A
where,
o P = axial compressive load (n)
o s
ac
= permissible stress in axial compression (MPa)
o A = gross-sectional area of the member (mm
2
)
o s
ac
is given as
1/
0.6
[]
cc y
nn ac n
cc y
ff
ff
?
?
??
?
o f
cc
= elastic critical stress in compression
2
2
E ?
?
?
?
Page 3
Short Notes on Design of Steel Structures
Tension Member
? A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to loads other then wind or
earthquake forces has maximum slenderness ratio =180
? A member normally acting as a tie in roof truss or bracing system. But subjected to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces has maximum
slenderness ratio =350
Net Sectional Area
? For plate: Net area = (b x t) – nd't
22
12
12
44
ss
t
gg
??
??
??
??
? Single angle connected by one leg only.
o
12 net
AAkA ??
where, A
1
= Net cross-section of area of the connected leg.
A
2
= Gross cross-sectional area of unconnected leg. (out stand)
o
1
12
3
3
A
k
A A
?
?
o
11
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
22
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
12
()
net
A II tt ?? ?
? For pair of angle placed back to back (or a signal tee) connected by only one leg of each angle
(or by the flange of a tee) to the same side of a gusset plate: or it the two angles are tagged
along a-a.
o
12 net
A AkA ??
o
1
12
5
5
A
k
AA
?
?
where, A
1
= Area of connected leg
A
2
= Area of outstand (unconnected leg)
? If two angles are places back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset plate. Then
o
12
(1)
net
AAAk ?? ?
when tack riveted.
If not tack riveted then both will be considered separately and case (ii) will be followed
1
12
3
3
A
k
AA
?
?
Permissible Stress in Design
? The direct stress in axial tension on the effective net area should not exceeded s
at
where
?
s
at
= 0.5f
y
? f
y
= minimum yield stress of steel in MPa
Lug Angle
? The lug angle is a short length of an angle section used at a joint to connect the outstanding
leg of a member, thereby reducing the length of the joint. When lug angle is used k = 1
Compression Member
Strength of an Axially Loaded Compression Member
? The maximum axial compressive load P
P = s
ac
x A
where,
o P = axial compressive load (n)
o s
ac
= permissible stress in axial compression (MPa)
o A = gross-sectional area of the member (mm
2
)
o s
ac
is given as
1/
0.6
[]
cc y
nn ac n
cc y
ff
ff
?
?
??
?
o f
cc
= elastic critical stress in compression
2
2
E ?
?
?
?
o ? = slenderness ratio =
I
r
Maximum Slenderness Ratio
? A member carrying compressive loads resulting from dead load and superimposed loads has
maximum slenderness ratio = 180
? A member subjected to compressive loads resulting from wind/earthquake forces provided
the deformation of such members does not adversely affect the stress in any part of the
structure= 250
? A member normally carrying tension but subjected to reversal of stress due to wind or
earthquake forces=350
Sl. No. Degree of end restraint of
compression member
Recommended value of
effective Length
Symbol
1. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
both ends
0.65 L
2. Effectively held in position at
both ends restrained against
rotation at one end
0.80 L
3. Effectively held in position at
both ends, but not restrained
against rotation
1.00 L
4. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
1.20 L
5. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
partially restrained against
rotation
1.50 L
Page 4
Short Notes on Design of Steel Structures
Tension Member
? A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to loads other then wind or
earthquake forces has maximum slenderness ratio =180
? A member normally acting as a tie in roof truss or bracing system. But subjected to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces has maximum
slenderness ratio =350
Net Sectional Area
? For plate: Net area = (b x t) – nd't
22
12
12
44
ss
t
gg
??
??
??
??
? Single angle connected by one leg only.
o
12 net
AAkA ??
where, A
1
= Net cross-section of area of the connected leg.
A
2
= Gross cross-sectional area of unconnected leg. (out stand)
o
1
12
3
3
A
k
A A
?
?
o
11
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
22
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
12
()
net
A II tt ?? ?
? For pair of angle placed back to back (or a signal tee) connected by only one leg of each angle
(or by the flange of a tee) to the same side of a gusset plate: or it the two angles are tagged
along a-a.
o
12 net
A AkA ??
o
1
12
5
5
A
k
AA
?
?
where, A
1
= Area of connected leg
A
2
= Area of outstand (unconnected leg)
? If two angles are places back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset plate. Then
o
12
(1)
net
AAAk ?? ?
when tack riveted.
If not tack riveted then both will be considered separately and case (ii) will be followed
1
12
3
3
A
k
AA
?
?
Permissible Stress in Design
? The direct stress in axial tension on the effective net area should not exceeded s
at
where
?
s
at
= 0.5f
y
? f
y
= minimum yield stress of steel in MPa
Lug Angle
? The lug angle is a short length of an angle section used at a joint to connect the outstanding
leg of a member, thereby reducing the length of the joint. When lug angle is used k = 1
Compression Member
Strength of an Axially Loaded Compression Member
? The maximum axial compressive load P
P = s
ac
x A
where,
o P = axial compressive load (n)
o s
ac
= permissible stress in axial compression (MPa)
o A = gross-sectional area of the member (mm
2
)
o s
ac
is given as
1/
0.6
[]
cc y
nn ac n
cc y
ff
ff
?
?
??
?
o f
cc
= elastic critical stress in compression
2
2
E ?
?
?
?
o ? = slenderness ratio =
I
r
Maximum Slenderness Ratio
? A member carrying compressive loads resulting from dead load and superimposed loads has
maximum slenderness ratio = 180
? A member subjected to compressive loads resulting from wind/earthquake forces provided
the deformation of such members does not adversely affect the stress in any part of the
structure= 250
? A member normally carrying tension but subjected to reversal of stress due to wind or
earthquake forces=350
Sl. No. Degree of end restraint of
compression member
Recommended value of
effective Length
Symbol
1. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
both ends
0.65 L
2. Effectively held in position at
both ends restrained against
rotation at one end
0.80 L
3. Effectively held in position at
both ends, but not restrained
against rotation
1.00 L
4. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
1.20 L
5. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
partially restrained against
rotation
1.50 L
6. Effectively held in position at
one end but not restrained
against rotation, and at the
other end restrained against
rotation but not held in position
2.00 L
7. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end but not held in position
nor restrained against rotation
at the other end
2.00 L
Built-up Compression Member
Tacking Rivets
? The slenderness ratio of each member between the connections should not be greater than
40 nor greater than 0.6 times the most unfavorable slenderness ratio of the whole strut
? The diameter of the connecting rivets should not be less than the minimum diameter given
below.
Thickness of member Minimum diameter of rivets
UP to 10 mm
Over 10 mm to 16 mm
Over 10 mm
16 mm
20 mm
22 mm
Lacings
Type of lacing Effective length I
e
Single lacing, riveted at ends Length between inner and rivets on lacing bar (= I,
as shown in Fig. 17)
Double lacing, riveted at ends and
at intersection
0.7 times length between inner end rivets on
lacing bars (= 0.7 x I)
Welded lacing 0.7 times distance between inner ends of effective
lengths of welds at ends (0.7 xI)
For local Buckling criteria
min
sec
50
0.7
c
whole tion
L
r
?
?
?
Page 5
Short Notes on Design of Steel Structures
Tension Member
? A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to loads other then wind or
earthquake forces has maximum slenderness ratio =180
? A member normally acting as a tie in roof truss or bracing system. But subjected to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces has maximum
slenderness ratio =350
Net Sectional Area
? For plate: Net area = (b x t) – nd't
22
12
12
44
ss
t
gg
??
??
??
??
? Single angle connected by one leg only.
o
12 net
AAkA ??
where, A
1
= Net cross-section of area of the connected leg.
A
2
= Gross cross-sectional area of unconnected leg. (out stand)
o
1
12
3
3
A
k
A A
?
?
o
11
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
22
2
t
At t
??
??
??
??
o
12
()
net
A II tt ?? ?
? For pair of angle placed back to back (or a signal tee) connected by only one leg of each angle
(or by the flange of a tee) to the same side of a gusset plate: or it the two angles are tagged
along a-a.
o
12 net
A AkA ??
o
1
12
5
5
A
k
AA
?
?
where, A
1
= Area of connected leg
A
2
= Area of outstand (unconnected leg)
? If two angles are places back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset plate. Then
o
12
(1)
net
AAAk ?? ?
when tack riveted.
If not tack riveted then both will be considered separately and case (ii) will be followed
1
12
3
3
A
k
AA
?
?
Permissible Stress in Design
? The direct stress in axial tension on the effective net area should not exceeded s
at
where
?
s
at
= 0.5f
y
? f
y
= minimum yield stress of steel in MPa
Lug Angle
? The lug angle is a short length of an angle section used at a joint to connect the outstanding
leg of a member, thereby reducing the length of the joint. When lug angle is used k = 1
Compression Member
Strength of an Axially Loaded Compression Member
? The maximum axial compressive load P
P = s
ac
x A
where,
o P = axial compressive load (n)
o s
ac
= permissible stress in axial compression (MPa)
o A = gross-sectional area of the member (mm
2
)
o s
ac
is given as
1/
0.6
[]
cc y
nn ac n
cc y
ff
ff
?
?
??
?
o f
cc
= elastic critical stress in compression
2
2
E ?
?
?
?
o ? = slenderness ratio =
I
r
Maximum Slenderness Ratio
? A member carrying compressive loads resulting from dead load and superimposed loads has
maximum slenderness ratio = 180
? A member subjected to compressive loads resulting from wind/earthquake forces provided
the deformation of such members does not adversely affect the stress in any part of the
structure= 250
? A member normally carrying tension but subjected to reversal of stress due to wind or
earthquake forces=350
Sl. No. Degree of end restraint of
compression member
Recommended value of
effective Length
Symbol
1. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
both ends
0.65 L
2. Effectively held in position at
both ends restrained against
rotation at one end
0.80 L
3. Effectively held in position at
both ends, but not restrained
against rotation
1.00 L
4. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
1.20 L
5. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
partially restrained against
rotation
1.50 L
6. Effectively held in position at
one end but not restrained
against rotation, and at the
other end restrained against
rotation but not held in position
2.00 L
7. Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end but not held in position
nor restrained against rotation
at the other end
2.00 L
Built-up Compression Member
Tacking Rivets
? The slenderness ratio of each member between the connections should not be greater than
40 nor greater than 0.6 times the most unfavorable slenderness ratio of the whole strut
? The diameter of the connecting rivets should not be less than the minimum diameter given
below.
Thickness of member Minimum diameter of rivets
UP to 10 mm
Over 10 mm to 16 mm
Over 10 mm
16 mm
20 mm
22 mm
Lacings
Type of lacing Effective length I
e
Single lacing, riveted at ends Length between inner and rivets on lacing bar (= I,
as shown in Fig. 17)
Double lacing, riveted at ends and
at intersection
0.7 times length between inner end rivets on
lacing bars (= 0.7 x I)
Welded lacing 0.7 times distance between inner ends of effective
lengths of welds at ends (0.7 xI)
For local Buckling criteria
min
sec
50
0.7
c
whole tion
L
r
?
?
?
Where,
? L = distance between the centres of connections of the lattice bars to each component
?
min
c
r = minimum radius of gyration of the components of compression member
? For a single lacing system on two parallel faces, the force (compressive or tensile) in each bar,
2sin
V
F
?
?
? For double lacing system on two parallel planes, the force (compressive or tensile) in each bar,
4sin
V
F
?
?
? If the flat lacing bars of width b and thickness t have rivets of diameter d then,
? Compressive stress in each bar
force
gross area
ac
F
bt
? ???
?
? Tensile stress in each bar
force
net area ( )
at
F
bd t
? ?? ?
??
? Numbers of rivets required
2Fcos
Rivet value
?
Welded connections
? Lap joint: Overlap (14) ? times thickness of bar or member, whichever is less.
? Butt joints: Full penetration butt weld of fillet weld on each side. Lacing bar should be placed
opposite to flange or stiffening member of main member.
Slab Base
? Area of slab base=
axial load in the column
permissible compressive stress in concrete
?
The thickness of a rectangular slab base as per
2
2
3
4
bs
wb
ta
?
??
??
??
??
? The thickness of a square slab base plate under a solid round column.
0
90
10
16 ( )
bs
WB
t
Bd ?
??
?
Structural Fasteners
Riveting
? Gross dia of rivet or dia of hole
d' = d + 1.5 mm for d = 25 mm
d' = d + 2.0 mm for d = 25 mm
where
d = Nominal dia of rivet
d' = Gross dia of rivet or dia of hole…
? Unwins formula
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