Study Notes For Three-Phase Induction Machines - 1 | Electrical Machines for Electrical Engg. - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

3-Phase Induction Machine

• Basically an induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction.
• Technological development in the field has improved to where a 100 hp (74.6 kW) motor from 1976 takes the same volume as a 7.5 hp (5.5 kW) motor did in 1897. Currently, the most common induction motor is the cage rotor motor.
• In an induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Induction motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in industrial drives.
• Induction motors are now the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their rugged construction, absence of brushes (which are required in most DC motors) and the ability to control the speed of the motor.
• It is a single excited AC machine. Its stator winding is directly connected to AC source, whereas its rotor winding receives its energy from f stator by means of induction (i.e., transformer action).

Type of rotors Rotor 

• Squirrel cage rotor
• Wound rotor

Squirrel-Cage Rotor
In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. Most of single phase induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.


Wound Rotor

• In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding wound for the same number of poles as stator, is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft so that a connection can be made to it for starting or speed control. It is usually for large 3 phase induction motors.
• Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, so it is not so common in industry applications.
• Rotor has a winding the same as stator and the end of each phase is connected to a slip ring.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
An AC current is applied in the stator armature which generates a flux in the stator magnetic circuit.This flux induces an emf in the conducting bars of rotor as they are “cut” by the flux while the magnet is being moved (E = BVL (Faraday’s Law)),A current flows in the rotor circuit due to the induced emf, which in term produces a force, (F = BIL) can be changed to the torque as the output.

• In a 3-phase induction motor, the three-phase currents Ia, Ib and Ic, each of equal magnitude, but differing in phase by 120°. Each phase current produces a magnetic flux
• and there is physical 120° shift between each flux.
• The summation of the three ac fluxes results in a rotating flux, which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude. Such a magnetic flux produced by balanced three phase currents flowing in thee-phase windings is called a rotating magnetic flux or rotating magnetic field (RMF).
• RMF rotates with a constant speed (Synchronous Speed). Existence of a RFM is an essential condition for the operation of an induction motor. If stator is energized by an ac current, RMF is generated due to the applied current to the stator winding.
• This flux produces magnetic field and the field revolves in the air gap between stator and rotor. So, the magnetic field induces a voltage in the short circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage drives current through the bars.
• The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor current generates a force that drives the motor and a torque is developed consequently. The torque is proportional with the flux density and the rotor bar current (F=BLI).
• The motor speed is less than the synchronous speed. The direction of the rotation of the rotor is the same as the direction of the rotation of the revolving magnetic field in the air gap.

POWER FLOW

Per phase induced emf In stator winding, E₁ = 4.44 N_lf₁φkω₁ volt
In rotor winding, E₂ = 4.44 N₂f₂φkω₂ volt
where ^kω₁ and ^kω₂ = Winding factors of stator and rotor winding
N₁ = Number of turns in stator winding
N₂ = Number of turns in rotor winding
f₁ and f₂ = Frequencies of supply in stator and rotor windings respectively.
Slip: The difference between the synchronous speed (N_s) and the actual rotor speed (N_r).

where, N_s = Synchronous speed
N_r = Rotor speed

Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor:
The energy is transferred from primary (stator) winding to secondary (rotor) winding entirely by induction therefore, induction motor is essentially a transformer. At standstill, the induction motor is actually a static transformer having its secondary (rotor) winding short-circuited.
Here, stator emf per phase
where, N₁ = Number of stator turns per phase
φ = Flux per pole
^kω₁ = Stator winding factor
Rotor emf at standstill

where, = Effective stator turns per phase =
 = Effective rotor turns per phase =
a = Reduction factor



sE₂ = I₂R₂ + jI₂sX₂ or

Rotor equivalent circuit

Rotor Torque: The torque developed by the rotor of an induction motor is directly proportional to (a) rotor current l₂ (b) stator flux per pole φ and (c) power factor of the rotor circuit cos φ₂
∵ T ∝ φl₂ cos φ₂
But E ∝ φ
T ∝ E₂l₂ cos φ₂
or T = kE₂l₂ cos φ₂ where k is constant.
Rotor Frequency: In rotor the frequency of current and voltage must be same as the supply frequency
f_r = sf
where, f = Supply frequency.