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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
1 . TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q ? P
from either side.
2 . MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :
( a ) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.
Here L is not tangent to C
(b ) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point
Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.
(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.
Here X-axis is tangent to y = x
3
at origin.
3 . NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.
4 . THINGS TO REMEMBER :
( a ) The value of the derivative at P(x
1
, y
1
) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically
? ?
1 1
1
(x , y )
dy
f ' x
dx
?
?
?
?
= Slope of tangent at P(x
1
,
y
1
) = m(say).
TANGENT & NORMAL
JEEMAIN.GURU
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
1 . TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q ? P
from either side.
2 . MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :
( a ) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.
Here L is not tangent to C
(b ) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point
Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.
(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.
Here X-axis is tangent to y = x
3
at origin.
3 . NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.
4 . THINGS TO REMEMBER :
( a ) The value of the derivative at P(x
1
, y
1
) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically
? ?
1 1
1
(x , y )
dy
f ' x
dx
?
?
?
?
= Slope of tangent at P(x
1
,
y
1
) = m(say).
TANGENT & NORMAL
JEEMAIN.GURU
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
(b ) Equation of tangent at (x
1
,
y
1
) is ;
1 1
1 1
( x , y )
dy
y y (x x )
dx
?
? ? ?
?
?
( c ) Equation of normal at (x
1
, y
1
) is ; y – y
1
=
1 1
1
( x ,y )
1
(x x )
dy
dx
? ?
?
?
?
.
Note :
(i) The point P (x
1
, y
1
) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal
line.
(ii) If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the
point P.
(iii) If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx not defined
or dx/dy = 0.
(iv) If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then
dy/dx = ±1.
(v) If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, then
the equation of the tangent (or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms
of the lowest degree in the equation. e.g. If the equation of a curve be x
2
– y
2
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
y –y
3
=0,
the tangents at the origin are given by x
2
– y
2
= 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x – y = 0
Illustration 1 : Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? at the points where the curve
cuts the x-axis.
Solution : The equation of the curve is
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? .......... (i)
It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in ? ? i , we get
? ? ? ?
3
x 1 x 2 0 ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
2
x 1 x 2 x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? x 1 0, x 2 0 ? ? ? ? ?
2
x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ?
? ?
?
x 1, 2 ? ? .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2 3
dy
3x x 2 x 1
dx
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
3
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
and
? ? 2,0
dy
7
dx
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively
? ? y 0 3 x 1 ? ? ? ? and ? ? y 0 7 x 2 ? ? ? y 3x 3 0 ? ? ? ? and 7x y 14 0 ? ? ? Ans.
Illustration 2 : The equation of the tangent to the curve
3 3
x a cos t, y a sin t ? ? at ‘t’ point is
(A) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? (B) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ?
(C) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ? (D) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ?
Solution :
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
? ?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
2
2
3a sin t cos t sin t
cos t 3a cos t sin t
? ? ? ?
which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point is
? ?
3 3
sin t
y a sin t x a cos t
cos t
? ? ? ?
2 2
y x
a sin t a cos t
sin t cos t
? ? ? ? ?
x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? ? Ans. (B)
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
1 . TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q ? P
from either side.
2 . MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :
( a ) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.
Here L is not tangent to C
(b ) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point
Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.
(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.
Here X-axis is tangent to y = x
3
at origin.
3 . NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.
4 . THINGS TO REMEMBER :
( a ) The value of the derivative at P(x
1
, y
1
) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically
? ?
1 1
1
(x , y )
dy
f ' x
dx
?
?
?
?
= Slope of tangent at P(x
1
,
y
1
) = m(say).
TANGENT & NORMAL
JEEMAIN.GURU
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
(b ) Equation of tangent at (x
1
,
y
1
) is ;
1 1
1 1
( x , y )
dy
y y (x x )
dx
?
? ? ?
?
?
( c ) Equation of normal at (x
1
, y
1
) is ; y – y
1
=
1 1
1
( x ,y )
1
(x x )
dy
dx
? ?
?
?
?
.
Note :
(i) The point P (x
1
, y
1
) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal
line.
(ii) If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the
point P.
(iii) If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx not defined
or dx/dy = 0.
(iv) If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then
dy/dx = ±1.
(v) If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, then
the equation of the tangent (or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms
of the lowest degree in the equation. e.g. If the equation of a curve be x
2
– y
2
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
y –y
3
=0,
the tangents at the origin are given by x
2
– y
2
= 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x – y = 0
Illustration 1 : Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? at the points where the curve
cuts the x-axis.
Solution : The equation of the curve is
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? .......... (i)
It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in ? ? i , we get
? ? ? ?
3
x 1 x 2 0 ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
2
x 1 x 2 x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? x 1 0, x 2 0 ? ? ? ? ?
2
x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ?
? ?
?
x 1, 2 ? ? .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2 3
dy
3x x 2 x 1
dx
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
3
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
and
? ? 2,0
dy
7
dx
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively
? ? y 0 3 x 1 ? ? ? ? and ? ? y 0 7 x 2 ? ? ? y 3x 3 0 ? ? ? ? and 7x y 14 0 ? ? ? Ans.
Illustration 2 : The equation of the tangent to the curve
3 3
x a cos t, y a sin t ? ? at ‘t’ point is
(A) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? (B) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ?
(C) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ? (D) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ?
Solution :
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
? ?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
2
2
3a sin t cos t sin t
cos t 3a cos t sin t
? ? ? ?
which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point is
? ?
3 3
sin t
y a sin t x a cos t
cos t
? ? ? ?
2 2
y x
a sin t a cos t
sin t cos t
? ? ? ? ?
x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? ? Ans. (B)
JEEMAIN.GURU
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
Illustration 3 : The equation of the normal to the curve y x sin x cos x ? ? at x
2
?
? is -
(A) x 2 ? (B) x ? ? (C)
x 0 ? ? ?
(D)
2x ? ?
Solution : x y 0
2 2 2
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? , so the given point ,
2 2
? ? ? ?
?
? ?
? ?
Now from the given equation
2 2
dy
1 cos x sin x
dx
? ? ?
,
2 2
dy
1 0 1 0
dx
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? The curve has vertical normal at
,
2 2
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
.
The equation to this normal is x =
2
?
x 0 2x
2
?
? ? ? ? ? ? Ans. (D)
Illustration 4 : The equation of normal to the curve
y
x y x ? ? , where it cuts x-axis is -
(A) y x 1 ? ? (B) y x 1 ? ? ? (C) y x 1 ? ? (D) y x 1 ? ? ?
Solution : Given curve is
y
x y x ? ? ..... (i)
at x-axis y=0,
0
x 0 x ? ? ? ? x = 1
? Point is A(1, 0)
Now to differentiate
y
x y x ? ? take log on both sides
? ? log x y y log x ? ? ? ? ?
1 dy 1 dy
1 y. log x
x y dx x dx
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
?
? ?
Putting x 1, y 0 ? ?
dy
1 0
dx
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
1
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? slope of normal = 1
Equation of normal is,
y 0
1
x 1
?
?
?
y x 1 ? ? ? Ans. (C)
Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Find the distance between the point (1,1) and the tangent to the curve y = e
2x
+ x
2
drawn from the
point, where the curve cuts y-axis.
(ii) Find the equation of a line passing through (–2,3) and parallel to tangent at origin for the circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ x – y = 0.
5 . ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CURVES :
?
y
x
O
Angle of intersection between two curves is defined as the angle
between the two tangents drawn to the two curves at their point
of intersection.
Orthogonal curves :
If the angle between two curves at each point of intersection is 90° then they are called orthogonal curves.
For example, the curves x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
& y = mx are orthogonal curves.
JEEMAIN.GURU
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
1 . TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q ? P
from either side.
2 . MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :
( a ) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.
Here L is not tangent to C
(b ) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point
Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.
(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.
Here X-axis is tangent to y = x
3
at origin.
3 . NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.
4 . THINGS TO REMEMBER :
( a ) The value of the derivative at P(x
1
, y
1
) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically
? ?
1 1
1
(x , y )
dy
f ' x
dx
?
?
?
?
= Slope of tangent at P(x
1
,
y
1
) = m(say).
TANGENT & NORMAL
JEEMAIN.GURU
E
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
(b ) Equation of tangent at (x
1
,
y
1
) is ;
1 1
1 1
( x , y )
dy
y y (x x )
dx
?
? ? ?
?
?
( c ) Equation of normal at (x
1
, y
1
) is ; y – y
1
=
1 1
1
( x ,y )
1
(x x )
dy
dx
? ?
?
?
?
.
Note :
(i) The point P (x
1
, y
1
) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal
line.
(ii) If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the
point P.
(iii) If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx not defined
or dx/dy = 0.
(iv) If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then
dy/dx = ±1.
(v) If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, then
the equation of the tangent (or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms
of the lowest degree in the equation. e.g. If the equation of a curve be x
2
– y
2
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
y –y
3
=0,
the tangents at the origin are given by x
2
– y
2
= 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x – y = 0
Illustration 1 : Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? at the points where the curve
cuts the x-axis.
Solution : The equation of the curve is
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? .......... (i)
It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in ? ? i , we get
? ? ? ?
3
x 1 x 2 0 ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
2
x 1 x 2 x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? x 1 0, x 2 0 ? ? ? ? ?
2
x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ?
? ?
?
x 1, 2 ? ? .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2 3
dy
3x x 2 x 1
dx
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
3
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
and
? ? 2,0
dy
7
dx
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively
? ? y 0 3 x 1 ? ? ? ? and ? ? y 0 7 x 2 ? ? ? y 3x 3 0 ? ? ? ? and 7x y 14 0 ? ? ? Ans.
Illustration 2 : The equation of the tangent to the curve
3 3
x a cos t, y a sin t ? ? at ‘t’ point is
(A) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? (B) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ?
(C) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ? (D) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ?
Solution :
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
? ?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
2
2
3a sin t cos t sin t
cos t 3a cos t sin t
? ? ? ?
which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point is
? ?
3 3
sin t
y a sin t x a cos t
cos t
? ? ? ?
2 2
y x
a sin t a cos t
sin t cos t
? ? ? ? ?
x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? ? Ans. (B)
JEEMAIN.GURU
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NODE6\E\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#07\Eng\02-Tangent & Normal.p65
J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
Illustration 3 : The equation of the normal to the curve y x sin x cos x ? ? at x
2
?
? is -
(A) x 2 ? (B) x ? ? (C)
x 0 ? ? ?
(D)
2x ? ?
Solution : x y 0
2 2 2
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? , so the given point ,
2 2
? ? ? ?
?
? ?
? ?
Now from the given equation
2 2
dy
1 cos x sin x
dx
? ? ?
,
2 2
dy
1 0 1 0
dx
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? The curve has vertical normal at
,
2 2
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
.
The equation to this normal is x =
2
?
x 0 2x
2
?
? ? ? ? ? ? Ans. (D)
Illustration 4 : The equation of normal to the curve
y
x y x ? ? , where it cuts x-axis is -
(A) y x 1 ? ? (B) y x 1 ? ? ? (C) y x 1 ? ? (D) y x 1 ? ? ?
Solution : Given curve is
y
x y x ? ? ..... (i)
at x-axis y=0,
0
x 0 x ? ? ? ? x = 1
? Point is A(1, 0)
Now to differentiate
y
x y x ? ? take log on both sides
? ? log x y y log x ? ? ? ? ?
1 dy 1 dy
1 y. log x
x y dx x dx
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
?
? ?
Putting x 1, y 0 ? ?
dy
1 0
dx
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
1
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? slope of normal = 1
Equation of normal is,
y 0
1
x 1
?
?
?
y x 1 ? ? ? Ans. (C)
Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Find the distance between the point (1,1) and the tangent to the curve y = e
2x
+ x
2
drawn from the
point, where the curve cuts y-axis.
(ii) Find the equation of a line passing through (–2,3) and parallel to tangent at origin for the circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ x – y = 0.
5 . ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CURVES :
?
y
x
O
Angle of intersection between two curves is defined as the angle
between the two tangents drawn to the two curves at their point
of intersection.
Orthogonal curves :
If the angle between two curves at each point of intersection is 90° then they are called orthogonal curves.
For example, the curves x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
& y = mx are orthogonal curves.
JEEMAIN.GURU
E
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
Illustration 5 : The angle of intersection between the curve
2
x 32y ? and
2
y 4x ? at point (16, 8) is -
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C)
1
3
tan
5
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
(D)
1
4
tan
3
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
Solution :
2
dy x
x 32y
dx 16
? ? ? ?
2
dy 2
y 4x
dx y
? ? ?
? ?
1 2
dy dy 1
at 16, 8 , 1,
dx dx 4
? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
So required angle
1 1
1
3
4
tan tan
1 5
1 1
4
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Ans. (C)
Illustration 6 : Check the orthogonality of the curves y
2
= x & x
2
= y.
Solution : Solving the curves simultaneously we get points of intersection as (1, 1) and (0, 0).
At (1,1) for first curve
1
1
dy 1
2y 1 m
dx 2
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
(1,1)
O
y
x
& for second curve 2
2
dy
2x m 2
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
m
1
m
2
? ? –1 at (1,1).
But at (0, 0) clearly x-axis & y-axis are their respective tangents hence they are orthogonal at (0,0)
but not at (1,1). Hence these curves are not said to be orthogonal.
Illustration 7 : If curve
2
y 1 ax ? ? and
2
y x ? intersect orthogonally then the value of a is -
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C) 2 (D) 3
Solution :
2
dy
y 1 ax 2ax
dx
? ? ? ? ?
2
dy
y x 2x
dx
? ? ?
Two curves intersect orthogonally if
1 2
dy dy
1
dx dx
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? 2ax 2x 1 ? ? ? ?
2
4ax 1 ? ?
..... (i)
Now eliminating y from the given equations we have
2 2
1 ax x ? ?
? ?
2
1 a x 1 ? ? ? ..... (ii)
Eliminating
2
x
from (i) and (ii) we get
4a
1
1 a
?
?
1
a
3
? ? Ans. (B)
Do yourself -2 :
(i) If two curves y = a
x
and y = b
x
intersect at an angle ?, then find the value of tan ?.
(ii) Find the angle of intersection of curves y = 4 – x
2
and y = x
2
.
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
1 . TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q ? P
from either side.
2 . MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :
( a ) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.
Here L is not tangent to C
(b ) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point
Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.
(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.
Here X-axis is tangent to y = x
3
at origin.
3 . NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :
A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.
4 . THINGS TO REMEMBER :
( a ) The value of the derivative at P(x
1
, y
1
) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically
? ?
1 1
1
(x , y )
dy
f ' x
dx
?
?
?
?
= Slope of tangent at P(x
1
,
y
1
) = m(say).
TANGENT & NORMAL
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
(b ) Equation of tangent at (x
1
,
y
1
) is ;
1 1
1 1
( x , y )
dy
y y (x x )
dx
?
? ? ?
?
?
( c ) Equation of normal at (x
1
, y
1
) is ; y – y
1
=
1 1
1
( x ,y )
1
(x x )
dy
dx
? ?
?
?
?
.
Note :
(i) The point P (x
1
, y
1
) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal
line.
(ii) If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the
point P.
(iii) If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx not defined
or dx/dy = 0.
(iv) If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then
dy/dx = ±1.
(v) If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, then
the equation of the tangent (or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms
of the lowest degree in the equation. e.g. If the equation of a curve be x
2
– y
2
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
y –y
3
=0,
the tangents at the origin are given by x
2
– y
2
= 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x – y = 0
Illustration 1 : Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? at the points where the curve
cuts the x-axis.
Solution : The equation of the curve is
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? .......... (i)
It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in ? ? i , we get
? ? ? ?
3
x 1 x 2 0 ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
2
x 1 x 2 x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? x 1 0, x 2 0 ? ? ? ? ?
2
x x 1 0 ? ? ? ? ?
? ?
?
x 1, 2 ? ? .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
? ? ? ?
3
y x 1 x 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2 3
dy
3x x 2 x 1
dx
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
3
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
and
? ? 2,0
dy
7
dx
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively
? ? y 0 3 x 1 ? ? ? ? and ? ? y 0 7 x 2 ? ? ? y 3x 3 0 ? ? ? ? and 7x y 14 0 ? ? ? Ans.
Illustration 2 : The equation of the tangent to the curve
3 3
x a cos t, y a sin t ? ? at ‘t’ point is
(A) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? (B) x sec t y cos ec t a ? ?
(C) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ? (D) x cos ec t y sec t a ? ?
Solution :
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
? ?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
2
2
3a sin t cos t sin t
cos t 3a cos t sin t
? ? ? ?
which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point is
? ?
3 3
sin t
y a sin t x a cos t
cos t
? ? ? ?
2 2
y x
a sin t a cos t
sin t cos t
? ? ? ? ?
x sec t y cos ec t a ? ? ? Ans. (B)
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
Illustration 3 : The equation of the normal to the curve y x sin x cos x ? ? at x
2
?
? is -
(A) x 2 ? (B) x ? ? (C)
x 0 ? ? ?
(D)
2x ? ?
Solution : x y 0
2 2 2
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? , so the given point ,
2 2
? ? ? ?
?
? ?
? ?
Now from the given equation
2 2
dy
1 cos x sin x
dx
? ? ?
,
2 2
dy
1 0 1 0
dx
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? The curve has vertical normal at
,
2 2
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
.
The equation to this normal is x =
2
?
x 0 2x
2
?
? ? ? ? ? ? Ans. (D)
Illustration 4 : The equation of normal to the curve
y
x y x ? ? , where it cuts x-axis is -
(A) y x 1 ? ? (B) y x 1 ? ? ? (C) y x 1 ? ? (D) y x 1 ? ? ?
Solution : Given curve is
y
x y x ? ? ..... (i)
at x-axis y=0,
0
x 0 x ? ? ? ? x = 1
? Point is A(1, 0)
Now to differentiate
y
x y x ? ? take log on both sides
? ? log x y y log x ? ? ? ? ?
1 dy 1 dy
1 y. log x
x y dx x dx
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
?
? ?
Putting x 1, y 0 ? ?
dy
1 0
dx
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? 1,0
dy
1
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? slope of normal = 1
Equation of normal is,
y 0
1
x 1
?
?
?
y x 1 ? ? ? Ans. (C)
Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Find the distance between the point (1,1) and the tangent to the curve y = e
2x
+ x
2
drawn from the
point, where the curve cuts y-axis.
(ii) Find the equation of a line passing through (–2,3) and parallel to tangent at origin for the circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ x – y = 0.
5 . ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CURVES :
?
y
x
O
Angle of intersection between two curves is defined as the angle
between the two tangents drawn to the two curves at their point
of intersection.
Orthogonal curves :
If the angle between two curves at each point of intersection is 90° then they are called orthogonal curves.
For example, the curves x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
& y = mx are orthogonal curves.
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
Illustration 5 : The angle of intersection between the curve
2
x 32y ? and
2
y 4x ? at point (16, 8) is -
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C)
1
3
tan
5
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
(D)
1
4
tan
3
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
Solution :
2
dy x
x 32y
dx 16
? ? ? ?
2
dy 2
y 4x
dx y
? ? ?
? ?
1 2
dy dy 1
at 16, 8 , 1,
dx dx 4
? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
So required angle
1 1
1
3
4
tan tan
1 5
1 1
4
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Ans. (C)
Illustration 6 : Check the orthogonality of the curves y
2
= x & x
2
= y.
Solution : Solving the curves simultaneously we get points of intersection as (1, 1) and (0, 0).
At (1,1) for first curve
1
1
dy 1
2y 1 m
dx 2
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
(1,1)
O
y
x
& for second curve 2
2
dy
2x m 2
dx
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
m
1
m
2
? ? –1 at (1,1).
But at (0, 0) clearly x-axis & y-axis are their respective tangents hence they are orthogonal at (0,0)
but not at (1,1). Hence these curves are not said to be orthogonal.
Illustration 7 : If curve
2
y 1 ax ? ? and
2
y x ? intersect orthogonally then the value of a is -
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C) 2 (D) 3
Solution :
2
dy
y 1 ax 2ax
dx
? ? ? ? ?
2
dy
y x 2x
dx
? ? ?
Two curves intersect orthogonally if
1 2
dy dy
1
dx dx
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? 2ax 2x 1 ? ? ? ?
2
4ax 1 ? ?
..... (i)
Now eliminating y from the given equations we have
2 2
1 ax x ? ?
? ?
2
1 a x 1 ? ? ? ..... (ii)
Eliminating
2
x
from (i) and (ii) we get
4a
1
1 a
?
?
1
a
3
? ? Ans. (B)
Do yourself -2 :
(i) If two curves y = a
x
and y = b
x
intersect at an angle ?, then find the value of tan ?.
(ii) Find the angle of intersection of curves y = 4 – x
2
and y = x
2
.
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J E E - M a t h e m a t i c s
6 . LENGTH OF TANGENT, SUBTANGENT, NORMAL & SUBNORMAL :
?
y = f(x)
Length of tangent
length of
normal
P(x , y )
1 1
x
N M
O T
Length of subtangent
Length
of
subnormal
?
tan = ?
dy
dx
(a) Length of the tangent (PT) =
2
1 1
1
y 1 [f '(x )]
f '(x )
?
(b) Length of Subtangent (MT) =
? ?
1
1
y
f ' x
(c) Length of Normal (PN) =
? ?
2
1 1
y 1 f ' x ? ? ?
? ?
(d) Length of Subnormal (MN) = |y
1
f'(x
1
)|
Illustration 8 : The length of the normal to the curve ? ? ? ? x a sin , y a 1 cos ? ? ? ? ? ? ? at
2
?
? ? is -
(A) 2a (B)
a
2
(C)
2a
(D)
a
2
Solution :
? ?
dy
dy a sin d
tan
dx dx a 1 cos 2
d
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
2
dy
tan 1
dx 4 ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Also at , y a 1 cos a
2 2
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? required length of normal
2
dy
y 1
dx
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
a 1 1 2a ? ? ?
Ans. (C)
Illustration 9 : The length of the tangent to the curve
t
x a cos t log tan , y a sin t
2
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
is
(A) ax (B) ay (C) a (D) xy
Solution :
dy dy dx
dt dt dx
? ? ? ?
?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
a cos t
tan t
1
a sin t
sin t
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? length of the tangent
2
dy
1
dx
y
dy
dx
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ?
2
1 tan t
a sin t
tan t
?
?
sec t
a sin t a
tan t
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
Ans. (C)
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