Trick to Find Ratio of Hybrid and Pure Orbitals Video Lecture - Class 11

Ans. The trick to find the ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals is to use the concept of hybridization. Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. To determine the ratio, we can use the following formula: Ratio of Hybrid Orbitals = Number of Hybrid Orbitals / Number of Pure Orbitals. For example, if we have 3 hybrid orbitals formed by the mixing of 1 s orbital and 2 p orbitals, and no pure orbitals involved, the ratio would be 3/0, which is undefined.

Ans. Hybrid orbitals differ from pure orbitals in terms of their shape and energy. Pure orbitals are the atomic orbitals present in isolated atoms and have specific shapes, such as s, p, d, or f orbitals. On the other hand, hybrid orbitals are formed by the mixing of pure orbitals and have different shapes, such as sp, sp2, or sp3 orbitals. Hybrid orbitals also have different energies compared to pure orbitals. The energy of hybrid orbitals is intermediate between the energies of the pure orbitals involved in their formation.

Ans. The ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals can be determined experimentally through various techniques such as spectroscopy or crystallography. These techniques involve studying the behavior of atoms or molecules in different states or crystal structures. For example, spectroscopy techniques like infrared spectroscopy or UV-visible spectroscopy can provide information about the electronic transitions and energy levels of hybrid and pure orbitals. Crystallography techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, can provide detailed structural information about the arrangement of atoms and their orbitals in a crystal lattice.

Ans. Yes, the ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals can be different for different molecules. The formation of hybrid orbitals depends on the central atom's electronic configuration and the number and types of atoms bonded to it. Different molecules have different central atoms and bonding patterns, leading to different hybridization schemes. For example, in methane (CH4), the carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridization, resulting in four sp3 hybrid orbitals. In contrast, in ethene (C2H4), the carbon atoms undergo sp2 hybridization, resulting in three sp2 hybrid orbitals. Therefore, the ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals can vary depending on the molecular structure and composition.

Ans. The ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals plays a crucial role in determining the molecular geometry. Hybrid orbitals determine the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, which affects its shape. For example, in molecules with sp3 hybridization, such as methane (CH4), the four sp3 hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in a tetrahedral geometry, leading to a tetrahedral shape for the molecule. In molecules with sp2 hybridization, such as ethene (C2H4), the three sp2 hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in a trigonal planar geometry, resulting in a planar shape for the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of hybrid and pure orbitals directly influences the molecular geometry, which, in turn, affects various properties and reactivities of the molecule.