UGC NET Past Year Question Paper II: Management with Answer Key (June 2022) held on 29 Oct. 2022 | UGC NET Past Year Papers PDF Download

 Page 1


UGC NET Code 17 Management 29
th
 Oct 2022 Evening shift 
 
1.) Given below are two statements: 
Statement I: Interest coverage ratio indicates how many times fixed interest charges are earned, based 
on the earnings available to pay these expenses. 
Statement II: One minus the reciprocal of interest coverage ratio indicates how far earnings could 
decline before it would be impossible to pay the interest charges from current earnings. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. 
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 
 
2.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Costs and Financial Concepts 
A. Financial leverage 
B. Contribution margin 
C. Operating leverage 
D. Combined leverage 
List II – Mechanism and Measures 
I. Contribution margin ÷ EBIT 
II. (EBIT) ÷ (EBIT – Interest) 
III. (Contribution margin) ÷ (EBIT – interest) 
IV. Sales – variable costs 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III 
(B) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II 
(D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III 
 
3.) Huge stores that combine supermarket, discount and warehouse retailing are called: 
(A) Discount store 
(B) Category killer  
(C) Hyper market  
(D) Off price retailer  
 
4.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Concepts 
A. Entrepreneurship and innovation 
B. Gaps in value chains 
C. Think Tank 
D. Machine Learning  
List II – Institution/Schemes 
(i) Atal Tinkering Lab 
Page 2


UGC NET Code 17 Management 29
th
 Oct 2022 Evening shift 
 
1.) Given below are two statements: 
Statement I: Interest coverage ratio indicates how many times fixed interest charges are earned, based 
on the earnings available to pay these expenses. 
Statement II: One minus the reciprocal of interest coverage ratio indicates how far earnings could 
decline before it would be impossible to pay the interest charges from current earnings. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. 
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 
 
2.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Costs and Financial Concepts 
A. Financial leverage 
B. Contribution margin 
C. Operating leverage 
D. Combined leverage 
List II – Mechanism and Measures 
I. Contribution margin ÷ EBIT 
II. (EBIT) ÷ (EBIT – Interest) 
III. (Contribution margin) ÷ (EBIT – interest) 
IV. Sales – variable costs 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III 
(B) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II 
(D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III 
 
3.) Huge stores that combine supermarket, discount and warehouse retailing are called: 
(A) Discount store 
(B) Category killer  
(C) Hyper market  
(D) Off price retailer  
 
4.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Concepts 
A. Entrepreneurship and innovation 
B. Gaps in value chains 
C. Think Tank 
D. Machine Learning  
List II – Institution/Schemes 
(i) Atal Tinkering Lab 
(ii) Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana 
(iii) Atal Innovation Mission 
(iv) NITI Aayog 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) 
(B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) 
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) 
(D) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i) 
 
5.) Arrange the following steps of organizational socialization in the proper sequence: 
(i) Select a good first supervisor to be incharge of socialization 
(ii) Provide a challenging first job 
(iii) Design a relaxed orientation program 
(iv) Provide timely and consistent feed back 
(v) Provide relevant training 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) (iii), (v), (iv), (ii), (i) 
(B) (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii) 
(C) (ii), (v), (iv), (i), (iii) 
(D) (iv), (i), (v), (ii), (iii) 
 
6.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Big Five Personality Traits 
A. Agreeableness 
B. Emotional Stability 
C. Extroversion 
D. Openness to experience 
List II – Descriptive Characteristics 
I. Assertive 
II. Imaginative 
III. Trusting 
IV. Secure 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II 
(B) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II 
(C) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II 
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I 
 
7.) Arrange the following bond issues in increasing order of the underlying risk: 
I. Convertible bonds 
II. Callable bonds 
III. Mortgage bonds 
IV. Unsecured bond 
V. Junk bonds 
Page 3


UGC NET Code 17 Management 29
th
 Oct 2022 Evening shift 
 
1.) Given below are two statements: 
Statement I: Interest coverage ratio indicates how many times fixed interest charges are earned, based 
on the earnings available to pay these expenses. 
Statement II: One minus the reciprocal of interest coverage ratio indicates how far earnings could 
decline before it would be impossible to pay the interest charges from current earnings. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. 
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 
 
2.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Costs and Financial Concepts 
A. Financial leverage 
B. Contribution margin 
C. Operating leverage 
D. Combined leverage 
List II – Mechanism and Measures 
I. Contribution margin ÷ EBIT 
II. (EBIT) ÷ (EBIT – Interest) 
III. (Contribution margin) ÷ (EBIT – interest) 
IV. Sales – variable costs 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III 
(B) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II 
(D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III 
 
3.) Huge stores that combine supermarket, discount and warehouse retailing are called: 
(A) Discount store 
(B) Category killer  
(C) Hyper market  
(D) Off price retailer  
 
4.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Concepts 
A. Entrepreneurship and innovation 
B. Gaps in value chains 
C. Think Tank 
D. Machine Learning  
List II – Institution/Schemes 
(i) Atal Tinkering Lab 
(ii) Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana 
(iii) Atal Innovation Mission 
(iv) NITI Aayog 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) 
(B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) 
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) 
(D) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i) 
 
5.) Arrange the following steps of organizational socialization in the proper sequence: 
(i) Select a good first supervisor to be incharge of socialization 
(ii) Provide a challenging first job 
(iii) Design a relaxed orientation program 
(iv) Provide timely and consistent feed back 
(v) Provide relevant training 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) (iii), (v), (iv), (ii), (i) 
(B) (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii) 
(C) (ii), (v), (iv), (i), (iii) 
(D) (iv), (i), (v), (ii), (iii) 
 
6.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Big Five Personality Traits 
A. Agreeableness 
B. Emotional Stability 
C. Extroversion 
D. Openness to experience 
List II – Descriptive Characteristics 
I. Assertive 
II. Imaginative 
III. Trusting 
IV. Secure 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II 
(B) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II 
(C) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II 
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I 
 
7.) Arrange the following bond issues in increasing order of the underlying risk: 
I. Convertible bonds 
II. Callable bonds 
III. Mortgage bonds 
IV. Unsecured bond 
V. Junk bonds 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) III, II, I, IV, V 
(B) II, III, I, IV, V 
(C) I, III, II, V, IV 
(D) III, I, II, IV, V 
 
8.) Arrange the following modes of entry in foreign markets starting with the mode of entry having 
least commitment, risk, control and profit potential: 
I. Company hires a local manufacturer to produce the product. 
II. Company starts exports working through domestic export agents and exports management 
companies. 
III. Company joins hands with local investor and forms a company in which both share ownership and 
control. 
IV. Company starts export using domestic export department and overseas sales branch. 
V. Company offers a complete brand concept and operating system to an investor in return of certain 
fee. 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) IV, II, V, III, I 
(B) II, IV, V, I, III 
(C) II, IV, I, V, III 
(D) IV, II, I, V, III 
 
9.) Which of the following are essential characteristics of financial markets? 
I. Price continuity and depth 
II. Liquidity and marketability 
III. Normative governance and regulation 
IV. Timely and accurate information flow 
V. Minimum transaction cost and informational efficiency 
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) I, II, III only 
(B) III, IV, V only  
(C) II, III, IV only  
(D) I, II, IV and V only 
 
10.) How often and how easily customers think of the brand under various purchase or consumption 
situations, is known as: 
(A) Brand salience 
(B) Brand resonance 
(C) Brand feelings 
(D) Brand imagery 
 
11.) Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason 
R. 
Assertion A: Median is the middle most item in the set of numbers. 
Page 4


UGC NET Code 17 Management 29
th
 Oct 2022 Evening shift 
 
1.) Given below are two statements: 
Statement I: Interest coverage ratio indicates how many times fixed interest charges are earned, based 
on the earnings available to pay these expenses. 
Statement II: One minus the reciprocal of interest coverage ratio indicates how far earnings could 
decline before it would be impossible to pay the interest charges from current earnings. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. 
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 
 
2.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Costs and Financial Concepts 
A. Financial leverage 
B. Contribution margin 
C. Operating leverage 
D. Combined leverage 
List II – Mechanism and Measures 
I. Contribution margin ÷ EBIT 
II. (EBIT) ÷ (EBIT – Interest) 
III. (Contribution margin) ÷ (EBIT – interest) 
IV. Sales – variable costs 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III 
(B) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II 
(D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III 
 
3.) Huge stores that combine supermarket, discount and warehouse retailing are called: 
(A) Discount store 
(B) Category killer  
(C) Hyper market  
(D) Off price retailer  
 
4.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Concepts 
A. Entrepreneurship and innovation 
B. Gaps in value chains 
C. Think Tank 
D. Machine Learning  
List II – Institution/Schemes 
(i) Atal Tinkering Lab 
(ii) Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana 
(iii) Atal Innovation Mission 
(iv) NITI Aayog 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) 
(B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) 
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) 
(D) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i) 
 
5.) Arrange the following steps of organizational socialization in the proper sequence: 
(i) Select a good first supervisor to be incharge of socialization 
(ii) Provide a challenging first job 
(iii) Design a relaxed orientation program 
(iv) Provide timely and consistent feed back 
(v) Provide relevant training 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) (iii), (v), (iv), (ii), (i) 
(B) (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii) 
(C) (ii), (v), (iv), (i), (iii) 
(D) (iv), (i), (v), (ii), (iii) 
 
6.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Big Five Personality Traits 
A. Agreeableness 
B. Emotional Stability 
C. Extroversion 
D. Openness to experience 
List II – Descriptive Characteristics 
I. Assertive 
II. Imaginative 
III. Trusting 
IV. Secure 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II 
(B) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II 
(C) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II 
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I 
 
7.) Arrange the following bond issues in increasing order of the underlying risk: 
I. Convertible bonds 
II. Callable bonds 
III. Mortgage bonds 
IV. Unsecured bond 
V. Junk bonds 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) III, II, I, IV, V 
(B) II, III, I, IV, V 
(C) I, III, II, V, IV 
(D) III, I, II, IV, V 
 
8.) Arrange the following modes of entry in foreign markets starting with the mode of entry having 
least commitment, risk, control and profit potential: 
I. Company hires a local manufacturer to produce the product. 
II. Company starts exports working through domestic export agents and exports management 
companies. 
III. Company joins hands with local investor and forms a company in which both share ownership and 
control. 
IV. Company starts export using domestic export department and overseas sales branch. 
V. Company offers a complete brand concept and operating system to an investor in return of certain 
fee. 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) IV, II, V, III, I 
(B) II, IV, V, I, III 
(C) II, IV, I, V, III 
(D) IV, II, I, V, III 
 
9.) Which of the following are essential characteristics of financial markets? 
I. Price continuity and depth 
II. Liquidity and marketability 
III. Normative governance and regulation 
IV. Timely and accurate information flow 
V. Minimum transaction cost and informational efficiency 
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) I, II, III only 
(B) III, IV, V only  
(C) II, III, IV only  
(D) I, II, IV and V only 
 
10.) How often and how easily customers think of the brand under various purchase or consumption 
situations, is known as: 
(A) Brand salience 
(B) Brand resonance 
(C) Brand feelings 
(D) Brand imagery 
 
11.) Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason 
R. 
Assertion A: Median is the middle most item in the set of numbers. 
Reasons R: Mode is not unduly affected by extreme values. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. 
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT correct explanation of A. 
(C) A is true but R is false. 
(D) A is false but R is true. 
 
12.) Which one of the following is a disadvantage of MBO as a performance appraisal tool? 
(A) Difficult to develop 
(B) Time-consuming 
(C) Difficult to rate or rank employees relative to one another 
(D) Can cause disagreements among employees 
 
13.) Which of the following are the myths of brand communities? 
I. Build the brand and the community will follow 
II. Focus on opinion leaders to build a strong community 
III. Brand communities exist to serve the business 
IV. Online social networks are the best way to build community 
V. Social networks are one community tool, but the tool is not the strategy 
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) I and V only 
(B) II, V, IV only 
(C) I, II, III only  
(D) I, II, III, IV only 
 
14.) Which of the following are the examples of need for status?  
A. Being in a position of authority over others  
B. Having executive privileges  
C. Participating in pleasant social activities  
D. Working for the right company in the right job  
E. Living in the right neighbourhood  
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options below:  
(A) A, B, C only 
(B) B, D, E only  
(C) A, D, E only  
(D) A, B, C, D only 
 
15.) Arrange the following goods in the ascending order of the underlying income elasticity of demand.  
A. Necessities  
B. Inferior goods  
C. Normal goods  
D. Luxury goods  
E. Giffen goods  
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:  
Page 5


UGC NET Code 17 Management 29
th
 Oct 2022 Evening shift 
 
1.) Given below are two statements: 
Statement I: Interest coverage ratio indicates how many times fixed interest charges are earned, based 
on the earnings available to pay these expenses. 
Statement II: One minus the reciprocal of interest coverage ratio indicates how far earnings could 
decline before it would be impossible to pay the interest charges from current earnings. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false. 
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. 
 
2.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Costs and Financial Concepts 
A. Financial leverage 
B. Contribution margin 
C. Operating leverage 
D. Combined leverage 
List II – Mechanism and Measures 
I. Contribution margin ÷ EBIT 
II. (EBIT) ÷ (EBIT – Interest) 
III. (Contribution margin) ÷ (EBIT – interest) 
IV. Sales – variable costs 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III 
(B) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II 
(D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III 
 
3.) Huge stores that combine supermarket, discount and warehouse retailing are called: 
(A) Discount store 
(B) Category killer  
(C) Hyper market  
(D) Off price retailer  
 
4.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Concepts 
A. Entrepreneurship and innovation 
B. Gaps in value chains 
C. Think Tank 
D. Machine Learning  
List II – Institution/Schemes 
(i) Atal Tinkering Lab 
(ii) Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana 
(iii) Atal Innovation Mission 
(iv) NITI Aayog 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) 
(B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) 
(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) 
(D) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i) 
 
5.) Arrange the following steps of organizational socialization in the proper sequence: 
(i) Select a good first supervisor to be incharge of socialization 
(ii) Provide a challenging first job 
(iii) Design a relaxed orientation program 
(iv) Provide timely and consistent feed back 
(v) Provide relevant training 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) (iii), (v), (iv), (ii), (i) 
(B) (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii) 
(C) (ii), (v), (iv), (i), (iii) 
(D) (iv), (i), (v), (ii), (iii) 
 
6.) Match List I with List II: 
List I – Big Five Personality Traits 
A. Agreeableness 
B. Emotional Stability 
C. Extroversion 
D. Openness to experience 
List II – Descriptive Characteristics 
I. Assertive 
II. Imaginative 
III. Trusting 
IV. Secure 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II 
(B) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II 
(C) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II 
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I 
 
7.) Arrange the following bond issues in increasing order of the underlying risk: 
I. Convertible bonds 
II. Callable bonds 
III. Mortgage bonds 
IV. Unsecured bond 
V. Junk bonds 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) III, II, I, IV, V 
(B) II, III, I, IV, V 
(C) I, III, II, V, IV 
(D) III, I, II, IV, V 
 
8.) Arrange the following modes of entry in foreign markets starting with the mode of entry having 
least commitment, risk, control and profit potential: 
I. Company hires a local manufacturer to produce the product. 
II. Company starts exports working through domestic export agents and exports management 
companies. 
III. Company joins hands with local investor and forms a company in which both share ownership and 
control. 
IV. Company starts export using domestic export department and overseas sales branch. 
V. Company offers a complete brand concept and operating system to an investor in return of certain 
fee. 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
(A) IV, II, V, III, I 
(B) II, IV, V, I, III 
(C) II, IV, I, V, III 
(D) IV, II, I, V, III 
 
9.) Which of the following are essential characteristics of financial markets? 
I. Price continuity and depth 
II. Liquidity and marketability 
III. Normative governance and regulation 
IV. Timely and accurate information flow 
V. Minimum transaction cost and informational efficiency 
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) I, II, III only 
(B) III, IV, V only  
(C) II, III, IV only  
(D) I, II, IV and V only 
 
10.) How often and how easily customers think of the brand under various purchase or consumption 
situations, is known as: 
(A) Brand salience 
(B) Brand resonance 
(C) Brand feelings 
(D) Brand imagery 
 
11.) Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason 
R. 
Assertion A: Median is the middle most item in the set of numbers. 
Reasons R: Mode is not unduly affected by extreme values. 
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. 
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT correct explanation of A. 
(C) A is true but R is false. 
(D) A is false but R is true. 
 
12.) Which one of the following is a disadvantage of MBO as a performance appraisal tool? 
(A) Difficult to develop 
(B) Time-consuming 
(C) Difficult to rate or rank employees relative to one another 
(D) Can cause disagreements among employees 
 
13.) Which of the following are the myths of brand communities? 
I. Build the brand and the community will follow 
II. Focus on opinion leaders to build a strong community 
III. Brand communities exist to serve the business 
IV. Online social networks are the best way to build community 
V. Social networks are one community tool, but the tool is not the strategy 
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 
(A) I and V only 
(B) II, V, IV only 
(C) I, II, III only  
(D) I, II, III, IV only 
 
14.) Which of the following are the examples of need for status?  
A. Being in a position of authority over others  
B. Having executive privileges  
C. Participating in pleasant social activities  
D. Working for the right company in the right job  
E. Living in the right neighbourhood  
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options below:  
(A) A, B, C only 
(B) B, D, E only  
(C) A, D, E only  
(D) A, B, C, D only 
 
15.) Arrange the following goods in the ascending order of the underlying income elasticity of demand.  
A. Necessities  
B. Inferior goods  
C. Normal goods  
D. Luxury goods  
E. Giffen goods  
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:  
(A) E, B, A, C, D 
(B) D, C, B, A, E  
(C) E, B, C, D, A  
(D) A, D, C, B, E 
 
16.) Match List I with List II 
List I – Company 
A. Alliance air 
B. Delhivery 
C. Ixigo 
D. Kuoni  
List II – Nature of business 
I. Swiss travel group  
II. Online travel company 
III. State owned regional carrier  
IV. New age logistic and supply chain start up  
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
Codes 
(A) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II 
(B) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I 
(C) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I 
(D) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III 
 
17.) Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion ‘A’ and the other is labelled Reason 
‘R’.  
Assertion ‘A ’: Sustained current account surplus encourages the government to liberalize imports and 
capital movements.  
Reasons ‘R ’: The current account and balance of payments positions of a country, can significantly 
influence its economic policies.  
In the light of the above statements. choose the correct answer from the options given below:  
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. 
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT correct explanation of A. 
(C) A is true but R is false. 
(D) A is false but R is true. 
 
18.) Which one of the following is organizational process related job stress?  
(A) Little performance feedback  
(B) Role ambiguity  
(C) No opportunity for advancement  
(D) Rotating work shifts  
 
19.) Which one of the following is not the assumption of Theory of Absolute and Comparative 
advantage?  
(A) Countries are driven only by maximization of production and consumption