UGC NET Question Paper 2022 - Set 1: Solutions | UGC NET Past Year Papers PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
From the question, it seems that we should try to get basic information first of all by making use of
some direct or shortcut methods. There are multiple options.
Basic calculations which apply in all the questions:
Cars in State B = 28% of 1400, that means double of 196 = 2 × 196 = 392
Cars in State C = Cars in State B + 4% of 1400 = 392 + 56 = 448
Cars in State D = Cars in State B – 2% of 1400 = 392 – 28 = 364
We can take summation of the numbers to see that it equals 1400
1. (b): The number of diesel engine cars in State B = 182
The number of petrol engine cars in State D = 140
Difference = 182 – 140 = 42
2. (a): The number of petrol engine cars in State C = 168
The number of diesel engine cars in State A = 84
3. (d): The number of AC cars in State C = 25% of 280 = 70
The number of non-AC cars = 280 – 70 = 210
4. (d):
The number of total cars in State C = 448
The number of petrol engine cars in State B = 252
The difference = 448 – 252 = 196
5. (c):
The number of Petrol engine cars in all states = 112 + 252 + 168 + 182 = 714
6. (b): A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer algorithm. It is used for visual
representation of data flow. Flowcharts use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other shapes to
define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define flow and sequence. Flowcharts were used to
Page 2


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
From the question, it seems that we should try to get basic information first of all by making use of
some direct or shortcut methods. There are multiple options.
Basic calculations which apply in all the questions:
Cars in State B = 28% of 1400, that means double of 196 = 2 × 196 = 392
Cars in State C = Cars in State B + 4% of 1400 = 392 + 56 = 448
Cars in State D = Cars in State B – 2% of 1400 = 392 – 28 = 364
We can take summation of the numbers to see that it equals 1400
1. (b): The number of diesel engine cars in State B = 182
The number of petrol engine cars in State D = 140
Difference = 182 – 140 = 42
2. (a): The number of petrol engine cars in State C = 168
The number of diesel engine cars in State A = 84
3. (d): The number of AC cars in State C = 25% of 280 = 70
The number of non-AC cars = 280 – 70 = 210
4. (d):
The number of total cars in State C = 448
The number of petrol engine cars in State B = 252
The difference = 448 – 252 = 196
5. (c):
The number of Petrol engine cars in all states = 112 + 252 + 168 + 182 = 714
6. (b): A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer algorithm. It is used for visual
representation of data flow. Flowcharts use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other shapes to
define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define flow and sequence. Flowcharts were used to
document business, specifically by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. They are used in any field such as education,
business, manufacturing, engineering, architecture, etc. Few examples have been shown below
7. (d): Integral Education–The concept of Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo that is based on the
belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. The main
objective of any kind of education is to ensure the realization of the inner potential of the learner. Thus, this
concept is quite dynamic and flexible, it takes into account the whole personality of the learner, through the
concept of dealing with the ‘whole child’. This takes into account the individual curiosity, passion and
compassion, and this applies to all situations in a beautiful manner. There are integral schools at many places in
India as enunciated by Sri Aurobindo and his spiritual companion Mirra Alfassa – known as mother.
Focus on spiritual aspects of Indian philosophy–This is associated with Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan’s
metaphysics that is based on Sankara’s Advaita (non-dual) Vedanta tradition (sampradaya). He was associated
with Prasthanatraya (main primary texts of Vedanta), Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. He
was greatly influenced by the writings and work of Swami Vivekananda.
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was actively involved in the works of UNESCO. He was known for being a
bridge between eastern and western philosophies to promote world unity and universal fellowship. To Dr
Radhakrishnan – ‘The idea of God is an interpretation of experience’.
Learning to take place in nature and from nature–Sri Rabindranath Tagore believed in complete freedom
of every kind for the students in terms of his intellectual level, decision making, feelings, knowledge, etc. The
independence means normalcy or the fact of being natural. There should be harmony between man, God and
nature. There is need to practice equanimity, harmony and balance.
Experiential Learning–In John Dewey’s experiential learning theory, everything occurs within a social
environment. Knowledge is socially constructed and based on experiences. This knowledge should be
organized in real-life experiences that provide a context for the information. The names of other great
personalities such as David Kolb, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget can be associated with experiential learning.
8. (b): Every learner (in fact, an individual) is unique. This also gives rise to the concept of ‘individual differences’.
Every learner has her/his own characteristics. For a teacher, the individual differences in the form of variables
such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles are important. A more
effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by a teacher with this kind of knowledge.
Assessments are a useful way of maintaining quality. Assessments assess students’ understanding, knowledge,
and takeaways from the educational experience. Assessments make learning process more effective and
enhance student development. Usually, the assessments make use of empirical data.
Summative Assessment–This evaluates the overall learning of the students at the end of a unit or course. This
assessment compares against some standardized criteria or benchmark. These are basically formal in nature
which help in awarding a certificate also. This assessment can be written assessment (writing an original
piece, such as a narrative or analytical essay), performance assessment (to do an activity or task that will
showcase the abilities of the learners), standardized assessment (an exam created for a given curriculum) or
oral assessment (such as a speech or presentation).
Formative Assessment–This assessment measures how a student is learning during a course of study. The
Page 3


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
From the question, it seems that we should try to get basic information first of all by making use of
some direct or shortcut methods. There are multiple options.
Basic calculations which apply in all the questions:
Cars in State B = 28% of 1400, that means double of 196 = 2 × 196 = 392
Cars in State C = Cars in State B + 4% of 1400 = 392 + 56 = 448
Cars in State D = Cars in State B – 2% of 1400 = 392 – 28 = 364
We can take summation of the numbers to see that it equals 1400
1. (b): The number of diesel engine cars in State B = 182
The number of petrol engine cars in State D = 140
Difference = 182 – 140 = 42
2. (a): The number of petrol engine cars in State C = 168
The number of diesel engine cars in State A = 84
3. (d): The number of AC cars in State C = 25% of 280 = 70
The number of non-AC cars = 280 – 70 = 210
4. (d):
The number of total cars in State C = 448
The number of petrol engine cars in State B = 252
The difference = 448 – 252 = 196
5. (c):
The number of Petrol engine cars in all states = 112 + 252 + 168 + 182 = 714
6. (b): A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer algorithm. It is used for visual
representation of data flow. Flowcharts use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other shapes to
define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define flow and sequence. Flowcharts were used to
document business, specifically by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. They are used in any field such as education,
business, manufacturing, engineering, architecture, etc. Few examples have been shown below
7. (d): Integral Education–The concept of Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo that is based on the
belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. The main
objective of any kind of education is to ensure the realization of the inner potential of the learner. Thus, this
concept is quite dynamic and flexible, it takes into account the whole personality of the learner, through the
concept of dealing with the ‘whole child’. This takes into account the individual curiosity, passion and
compassion, and this applies to all situations in a beautiful manner. There are integral schools at many places in
India as enunciated by Sri Aurobindo and his spiritual companion Mirra Alfassa – known as mother.
Focus on spiritual aspects of Indian philosophy–This is associated with Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan’s
metaphysics that is based on Sankara’s Advaita (non-dual) Vedanta tradition (sampradaya). He was associated
with Prasthanatraya (main primary texts of Vedanta), Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. He
was greatly influenced by the writings and work of Swami Vivekananda.
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was actively involved in the works of UNESCO. He was known for being a
bridge between eastern and western philosophies to promote world unity and universal fellowship. To Dr
Radhakrishnan – ‘The idea of God is an interpretation of experience’.
Learning to take place in nature and from nature–Sri Rabindranath Tagore believed in complete freedom
of every kind for the students in terms of his intellectual level, decision making, feelings, knowledge, etc. The
independence means normalcy or the fact of being natural. There should be harmony between man, God and
nature. There is need to practice equanimity, harmony and balance.
Experiential Learning–In John Dewey’s experiential learning theory, everything occurs within a social
environment. Knowledge is socially constructed and based on experiences. This knowledge should be
organized in real-life experiences that provide a context for the information. The names of other great
personalities such as David Kolb, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget can be associated with experiential learning.
8. (b): Every learner (in fact, an individual) is unique. This also gives rise to the concept of ‘individual differences’.
Every learner has her/his own characteristics. For a teacher, the individual differences in the form of variables
such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles are important. A more
effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by a teacher with this kind of knowledge.
Assessments are a useful way of maintaining quality. Assessments assess students’ understanding, knowledge,
and takeaways from the educational experience. Assessments make learning process more effective and
enhance student development. Usually, the assessments make use of empirical data.
Summative Assessment–This evaluates the overall learning of the students at the end of a unit or course. This
assessment compares against some standardized criteria or benchmark. These are basically formal in nature
which help in awarding a certificate also. This assessment can be written assessment (writing an original
piece, such as a narrative or analytical essay), performance assessment (to do an activity or task that will
showcase the abilities of the learners), standardized assessment (an exam created for a given curriculum) or
oral assessment (such as a speech or presentation).
Formative Assessment–This assessment measures how a student is learning during a course of study. The
goal is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve
their teaching and by students to improve their learning. This word can be linked with actual formation of
career of a student in the class.
Diagnostic Assessment–A diagnostic assessment is an evaluation of a child’s knowledge and skill level of a
certain topic. These assessments are done at the start of the topic to understand how much students already
know about the subject.
Peer Assessment: This assessment provides a structured learning process for students to critique and provide
feedback to each other on their work. Thus, students develop lifelong skills. It equips them with skills to self-
assess and improve their own work.
9. (b): e-PG Pathshala–The UGC has launched an e-PG Pathshala Project for standardizing the textbook materials
for MA, MSc and MCom courses in different universities of India. In India, e-PG Pathshala is such an innovation
maintained by UGC-INFLIBNET and funded by Ministry of Education. As part of its National Education
Mission through ICT (NME-ICT), it is a wide e-learning platform in terms of its subject material and breadth of
use as well.
On the other hand, Ministry of Education (earlier MHRD) launched ‘e-pathshala’ web portal to host
educational resources for students, teachers, parents, researchers and educators. This is a single point
repository of e- resources containing NCERT text-books and various other learning resources.
10. (b): The affective domain is one of the three domains in Bloom’s Taxonomy. The affective domain as described
by Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia in the year 1973, includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally,
such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. As per question, they have been
put in the following five categories (for future questions):
1. Receiving
a. awareness of the action
b. desire to achieve action
c. controlled attention to action
2. Response (responding)
a. In response to an agreement
b. Desire to respond
c. Response Contentment
3. Evaluation (valuing)
a. Acceptance of value (valuing)
b. Priority of value
c. Commitment
4. Organizing (managing)
a. Concept of values
b. Price system organization
5. Specialization
a. Higher evaluation by peers to do
b. Normal group
c. Specialization
In option (b), analysing means dividing a topic into parts for the sake of understanding and also synthesising
means integrating the parts into a consolidated form.
Page 4


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
From the question, it seems that we should try to get basic information first of all by making use of
some direct or shortcut methods. There are multiple options.
Basic calculations which apply in all the questions:
Cars in State B = 28% of 1400, that means double of 196 = 2 × 196 = 392
Cars in State C = Cars in State B + 4% of 1400 = 392 + 56 = 448
Cars in State D = Cars in State B – 2% of 1400 = 392 – 28 = 364
We can take summation of the numbers to see that it equals 1400
1. (b): The number of diesel engine cars in State B = 182
The number of petrol engine cars in State D = 140
Difference = 182 – 140 = 42
2. (a): The number of petrol engine cars in State C = 168
The number of diesel engine cars in State A = 84
3. (d): The number of AC cars in State C = 25% of 280 = 70
The number of non-AC cars = 280 – 70 = 210
4. (d):
The number of total cars in State C = 448
The number of petrol engine cars in State B = 252
The difference = 448 – 252 = 196
5. (c):
The number of Petrol engine cars in all states = 112 + 252 + 168 + 182 = 714
6. (b): A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer algorithm. It is used for visual
representation of data flow. Flowcharts use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other shapes to
define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define flow and sequence. Flowcharts were used to
document business, specifically by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. They are used in any field such as education,
business, manufacturing, engineering, architecture, etc. Few examples have been shown below
7. (d): Integral Education–The concept of Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo that is based on the
belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. The main
objective of any kind of education is to ensure the realization of the inner potential of the learner. Thus, this
concept is quite dynamic and flexible, it takes into account the whole personality of the learner, through the
concept of dealing with the ‘whole child’. This takes into account the individual curiosity, passion and
compassion, and this applies to all situations in a beautiful manner. There are integral schools at many places in
India as enunciated by Sri Aurobindo and his spiritual companion Mirra Alfassa – known as mother.
Focus on spiritual aspects of Indian philosophy–This is associated with Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan’s
metaphysics that is based on Sankara’s Advaita (non-dual) Vedanta tradition (sampradaya). He was associated
with Prasthanatraya (main primary texts of Vedanta), Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. He
was greatly influenced by the writings and work of Swami Vivekananda.
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was actively involved in the works of UNESCO. He was known for being a
bridge between eastern and western philosophies to promote world unity and universal fellowship. To Dr
Radhakrishnan – ‘The idea of God is an interpretation of experience’.
Learning to take place in nature and from nature–Sri Rabindranath Tagore believed in complete freedom
of every kind for the students in terms of his intellectual level, decision making, feelings, knowledge, etc. The
independence means normalcy or the fact of being natural. There should be harmony between man, God and
nature. There is need to practice equanimity, harmony and balance.
Experiential Learning–In John Dewey’s experiential learning theory, everything occurs within a social
environment. Knowledge is socially constructed and based on experiences. This knowledge should be
organized in real-life experiences that provide a context for the information. The names of other great
personalities such as David Kolb, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget can be associated with experiential learning.
8. (b): Every learner (in fact, an individual) is unique. This also gives rise to the concept of ‘individual differences’.
Every learner has her/his own characteristics. For a teacher, the individual differences in the form of variables
such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles are important. A more
effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by a teacher with this kind of knowledge.
Assessments are a useful way of maintaining quality. Assessments assess students’ understanding, knowledge,
and takeaways from the educational experience. Assessments make learning process more effective and
enhance student development. Usually, the assessments make use of empirical data.
Summative Assessment–This evaluates the overall learning of the students at the end of a unit or course. This
assessment compares against some standardized criteria or benchmark. These are basically formal in nature
which help in awarding a certificate also. This assessment can be written assessment (writing an original
piece, such as a narrative or analytical essay), performance assessment (to do an activity or task that will
showcase the abilities of the learners), standardized assessment (an exam created for a given curriculum) or
oral assessment (such as a speech or presentation).
Formative Assessment–This assessment measures how a student is learning during a course of study. The
goal is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve
their teaching and by students to improve their learning. This word can be linked with actual formation of
career of a student in the class.
Diagnostic Assessment–A diagnostic assessment is an evaluation of a child’s knowledge and skill level of a
certain topic. These assessments are done at the start of the topic to understand how much students already
know about the subject.
Peer Assessment: This assessment provides a structured learning process for students to critique and provide
feedback to each other on their work. Thus, students develop lifelong skills. It equips them with skills to self-
assess and improve their own work.
9. (b): e-PG Pathshala–The UGC has launched an e-PG Pathshala Project for standardizing the textbook materials
for MA, MSc and MCom courses in different universities of India. In India, e-PG Pathshala is such an innovation
maintained by UGC-INFLIBNET and funded by Ministry of Education. As part of its National Education
Mission through ICT (NME-ICT), it is a wide e-learning platform in terms of its subject material and breadth of
use as well.
On the other hand, Ministry of Education (earlier MHRD) launched ‘e-pathshala’ web portal to host
educational resources for students, teachers, parents, researchers and educators. This is a single point
repository of e- resources containing NCERT text-books and various other learning resources.
10. (b): The affective domain is one of the three domains in Bloom’s Taxonomy. The affective domain as described
by Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia in the year 1973, includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally,
such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. As per question, they have been
put in the following five categories (for future questions):
1. Receiving
a. awareness of the action
b. desire to achieve action
c. controlled attention to action
2. Response (responding)
a. In response to an agreement
b. Desire to respond
c. Response Contentment
3. Evaluation (valuing)
a. Acceptance of value (valuing)
b. Priority of value
c. Commitment
4. Organizing (managing)
a. Concept of values
b. Price system organization
5. Specialization
a. Higher evaluation by peers to do
b. Normal group
c. Specialization
In option (b), analysing means dividing a topic into parts for the sake of understanding and also synthesising
means integrating the parts into a consolidated form.
11. (d): A variable is any quantity that a researcher is able to measure in some way. This could be temperature,
height, age, etc. Basically, a variable is anything that contributes to the outcome or result of your experiment in
any way.
Control Variable–A control variable is anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It’s a
variable that is not of interest to the study’s aims, but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.
For example, one control variable in the plant growth experiment could be temperature. Assume that this
should be kept uniform at 25° C, so it is the duty of researcher to keep it at this uniform level.
External variable–These variables are factors that are not manipulated as part of an experiment, but they may
exert some influence on the dependent variable under study.
Confounding Variable–This is an unmeasured third variable that ‘confounds’ (or influences) the relationship
between an independent and a dependent variable. It actually suggests the presence of a spurious correlation.
Confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations.
12. (b): Monadic variable is basically used in the survey research that offers individual concepts to survey
respondents in isolation–one at a time. The independent findings are required for each stimulus. They provide
clear detailed feedback. This is available with every automated tool. This can be compared with polyadic
variables. In comparison testing several stimuli are tested simultaneously.
13. (c): There are two kinds of variables-Qualitative and Quantitative
Qualitative Variables–This is also called as a categorical variable. As the name indicates, it is not numerical.
This describes data that fits into categories. These are all qualitative variables as they have no natural order.
The examples are
Page 5


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
From the question, it seems that we should try to get basic information first of all by making use of
some direct or shortcut methods. There are multiple options.
Basic calculations which apply in all the questions:
Cars in State B = 28% of 1400, that means double of 196 = 2 × 196 = 392
Cars in State C = Cars in State B + 4% of 1400 = 392 + 56 = 448
Cars in State D = Cars in State B – 2% of 1400 = 392 – 28 = 364
We can take summation of the numbers to see that it equals 1400
1. (b): The number of diesel engine cars in State B = 182
The number of petrol engine cars in State D = 140
Difference = 182 – 140 = 42
2. (a): The number of petrol engine cars in State C = 168
The number of diesel engine cars in State A = 84
3. (d): The number of AC cars in State C = 25% of 280 = 70
The number of non-AC cars = 280 – 70 = 210
4. (d):
The number of total cars in State C = 448
The number of petrol engine cars in State B = 252
The difference = 448 – 252 = 196
5. (c):
The number of Petrol engine cars in all states = 112 + 252 + 168 + 182 = 714
6. (b): A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer algorithm. It is used for visual
representation of data flow. Flowcharts use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other shapes to
define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define flow and sequence. Flowcharts were used to
document business, specifically by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. They are used in any field such as education,
business, manufacturing, engineering, architecture, etc. Few examples have been shown below
7. (d): Integral Education–The concept of Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo that is based on the
belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. The main
objective of any kind of education is to ensure the realization of the inner potential of the learner. Thus, this
concept is quite dynamic and flexible, it takes into account the whole personality of the learner, through the
concept of dealing with the ‘whole child’. This takes into account the individual curiosity, passion and
compassion, and this applies to all situations in a beautiful manner. There are integral schools at many places in
India as enunciated by Sri Aurobindo and his spiritual companion Mirra Alfassa – known as mother.
Focus on spiritual aspects of Indian philosophy–This is associated with Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan’s
metaphysics that is based on Sankara’s Advaita (non-dual) Vedanta tradition (sampradaya). He was associated
with Prasthanatraya (main primary texts of Vedanta), Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. He
was greatly influenced by the writings and work of Swami Vivekananda.
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was actively involved in the works of UNESCO. He was known for being a
bridge between eastern and western philosophies to promote world unity and universal fellowship. To Dr
Radhakrishnan – ‘The idea of God is an interpretation of experience’.
Learning to take place in nature and from nature–Sri Rabindranath Tagore believed in complete freedom
of every kind for the students in terms of his intellectual level, decision making, feelings, knowledge, etc. The
independence means normalcy or the fact of being natural. There should be harmony between man, God and
nature. There is need to practice equanimity, harmony and balance.
Experiential Learning–In John Dewey’s experiential learning theory, everything occurs within a social
environment. Knowledge is socially constructed and based on experiences. This knowledge should be
organized in real-life experiences that provide a context for the information. The names of other great
personalities such as David Kolb, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget can be associated with experiential learning.
8. (b): Every learner (in fact, an individual) is unique. This also gives rise to the concept of ‘individual differences’.
Every learner has her/his own characteristics. For a teacher, the individual differences in the form of variables
such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles are important. A more
effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by a teacher with this kind of knowledge.
Assessments are a useful way of maintaining quality. Assessments assess students’ understanding, knowledge,
and takeaways from the educational experience. Assessments make learning process more effective and
enhance student development. Usually, the assessments make use of empirical data.
Summative Assessment–This evaluates the overall learning of the students at the end of a unit or course. This
assessment compares against some standardized criteria or benchmark. These are basically formal in nature
which help in awarding a certificate also. This assessment can be written assessment (writing an original
piece, such as a narrative or analytical essay), performance assessment (to do an activity or task that will
showcase the abilities of the learners), standardized assessment (an exam created for a given curriculum) or
oral assessment (such as a speech or presentation).
Formative Assessment–This assessment measures how a student is learning during a course of study. The
goal is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve
their teaching and by students to improve their learning. This word can be linked with actual formation of
career of a student in the class.
Diagnostic Assessment–A diagnostic assessment is an evaluation of a child’s knowledge and skill level of a
certain topic. These assessments are done at the start of the topic to understand how much students already
know about the subject.
Peer Assessment: This assessment provides a structured learning process for students to critique and provide
feedback to each other on their work. Thus, students develop lifelong skills. It equips them with skills to self-
assess and improve their own work.
9. (b): e-PG Pathshala–The UGC has launched an e-PG Pathshala Project for standardizing the textbook materials
for MA, MSc and MCom courses in different universities of India. In India, e-PG Pathshala is such an innovation
maintained by UGC-INFLIBNET and funded by Ministry of Education. As part of its National Education
Mission through ICT (NME-ICT), it is a wide e-learning platform in terms of its subject material and breadth of
use as well.
On the other hand, Ministry of Education (earlier MHRD) launched ‘e-pathshala’ web portal to host
educational resources for students, teachers, parents, researchers and educators. This is a single point
repository of e- resources containing NCERT text-books and various other learning resources.
10. (b): The affective domain is one of the three domains in Bloom’s Taxonomy. The affective domain as described
by Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia in the year 1973, includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally,
such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. As per question, they have been
put in the following five categories (for future questions):
1. Receiving
a. awareness of the action
b. desire to achieve action
c. controlled attention to action
2. Response (responding)
a. In response to an agreement
b. Desire to respond
c. Response Contentment
3. Evaluation (valuing)
a. Acceptance of value (valuing)
b. Priority of value
c. Commitment
4. Organizing (managing)
a. Concept of values
b. Price system organization
5. Specialization
a. Higher evaluation by peers to do
b. Normal group
c. Specialization
In option (b), analysing means dividing a topic into parts for the sake of understanding and also synthesising
means integrating the parts into a consolidated form.
11. (d): A variable is any quantity that a researcher is able to measure in some way. This could be temperature,
height, age, etc. Basically, a variable is anything that contributes to the outcome or result of your experiment in
any way.
Control Variable–A control variable is anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It’s a
variable that is not of interest to the study’s aims, but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.
For example, one control variable in the plant growth experiment could be temperature. Assume that this
should be kept uniform at 25° C, so it is the duty of researcher to keep it at this uniform level.
External variable–These variables are factors that are not manipulated as part of an experiment, but they may
exert some influence on the dependent variable under study.
Confounding Variable–This is an unmeasured third variable that ‘confounds’ (or influences) the relationship
between an independent and a dependent variable. It actually suggests the presence of a spurious correlation.
Confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations.
12. (b): Monadic variable is basically used in the survey research that offers individual concepts to survey
respondents in isolation–one at a time. The independent findings are required for each stimulus. They provide
clear detailed feedback. This is available with every automated tool. This can be compared with polyadic
variables. In comparison testing several stimuli are tested simultaneously.
13. (c): There are two kinds of variables-Qualitative and Quantitative
Qualitative Variables–This is also called as a categorical variable. As the name indicates, it is not numerical.
This describes data that fits into categories. These are all qualitative variables as they have no natural order.
The examples are
Skin colours–White, Yellow, Brown, Black
States–Haryana, Punjab, Manipur, Kerala
Quantitative variables–They have a value and they can be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied.
Now look at the detailed discussion in context of its disadvantages.
A. Too sensitive to context–The main objective of qualitative or any kind of research is to
connect with the theme or basic idea. It is basically behavioural in nature.
B. Open To Debate–It is also positive reflection as it is linked with the transparency.
C. Too subjective–Qualitative can always be somewhat subjective but being too much
subjective is its negative characteristic as the personal viewpoint becomes very important.
D. Difficult to generalise–Though generalisation is the main objective of any kind of research
but qualitative lacks in that.
E. Issue of replication–There are always less and less chances of replication so that the
generalisation also becomes difficult. Thus, this can be taken as the disadvantage of
qualitative research.
14. (a): The word ‘sample’ mostly applies in the case of research. Thus, the word project can be taken as research
project. Sample helps us in finding the truth or getting us very close to the truth. Sample size calculation and
determination are imperative to the researcher to determine the right number of respondents, keeping in mind the
research study’s quality.
The sample is the miniature version of the population that reflects the desired features. That helps us in saving
time and associated costs.
In qualitative studies, the study is mostly subjective, and the sample size may have to be kept small as we
want to do their detailed analysis.
Thus, the population size matters, so is the confidence level (90%, 95% or 99% to reflect upon the accuracy
and confidence of results), the margin of error (confidence interval), standard deviation from mean (also
called as sigma that reflects upon the variability of a distribution of population) – all these things matter to a
researcher.
Necessary Sample Size = (Z-score)2 * StdDev*(1-StdDev) / (margin of error)2
The precision of obtaining the results from population may ask for changing the sample size. Thus, the
population variability is important. If the population is homogeneous, a researcher can manage with smaller
sample and vice versa. We have to determine if the increased accuracy is more important than the cost.
There can be probability (random and objective) or non-probability (non random and more subjective)
sampling techniques.
The choices D and E are not or least important for a researcher as research should always be objective.
15. (b): Meta-analysis intends to take a quick review of multiple research studies on basically the same or closely
related problem or issue. combines the results of multiple scientific studies. It is basically a quantitative, formal,
epidemiological study design that is based on randomized, controlled trials.
Content Analysis–this is basically used in qualitative studies where the answers may be subjective which are
based on the personal opinion. The language used by the respondents in the qualitative research (such as case
studies) may be different and a researcher need to find the basic idea or description. This is called content
analysis.
Semantic Differential–A semantic differential can be used for the structuring of attitudes, most likely in
qualitative studies. This survey or questionnaire rating scale asks people to rate a product, event, or any
‘entity’ within the frames of a multi-point rating option. These survey answering options are grammatically on
opposite adjectives at each end. As they are opposite to each other on the two ends of a continuum, this may
be called as bipolar adjective.
Social Network Analysis–The dyad definition is the close relationship of two people over a long period with
many interactions in different settings. The most basic requirement for dyad sociology is that there are two
members of the group. The dyadic communication definition pertains to how the two group members interact
with each other. German sociologist Georg Simmel studied how group dynamics changed based on the size of
the group.
16. (a): The word effective in communication means that a message has been sent and received properly with an
understanding. That understanding is reflected by ‘feedback’. In a classroom, an effective listener is completely
focused and thus tries to resist any kind of distraction (or noise) that exists in the environment.