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What is Gravimetric Analysis? | Chemistry for EmSAT Achieve PDF Download

Introduction

Gravimetric analysis is an analytical chemistry technique used to determine the quantity of a substance (analyte) based on the measurement of its mass in the form of a solid. For instance, one application of gravimetric analysis involves measuring the amount of suspended solids in a water sample. After filtering a known volume of water, the collected solids are weighed to determine their mass.

The Principle of Gravimetric Analysis:

The underlying principle of gravimetric analysis is that the mass of a specific ion can be determined in a pure compound. This mass measurement is then used to calculate the mass percentage of the same ion in a known quantity of an impure compound.

What is Gravimetric Analysis? | Chemistry for EmSAT Achieve

Steps in Gravimetric Analysis

  • Preparation of a solution containing a known weight of the sample.
  • Separation of the desired constituent.
  • Weighing the isolated constituent.
  • Calculation of the amount of the specific constituent in the sample based on the observed weight of the isolated substance.

Types of Gravimetric Analysis

There are four fundamental types of gravimetric analysis, two of which involve changes in the phase of the analyte to separate it from the rest of the mixture, resulting in a change in mass.

  • Volatilization gravimetry: Involves separating components of a mixture by heating or chemically decomposing the sample.
  • Precipitation gravimetry: Uses a precipitation reaction to separate one or more components of a solution by incorporating them into a solid.
  • Electrogravimetry: A method used to separate and quantify ions of a substance, typically metals.
  • Thermogravimetry: A method of thermal analysis that measures changes in the physical and chemical properties of materials as a function of increasing temperature or time.

Advantages of Gravimetric Analysis

  • Provides highly precise analysis when the methods are followed carefully.
  • Used to determine the atomic masses of many elements with high accuracy.
  • Minimizes instrumental errors and does not require a series of standards for calculating unknown samples.

Disadvantages of Gravimetric Analysis

  • Typically limited to analyzing a single element or a specific group of elements at a time.
  • Comparing it to modern techniques like dynamic flash combustion coupled with gas chromatography, traditional combustion analysis may have limitations.

Example

An ore is analysed for the manganese content by converting the manganese to Mn3O4 and weighing it. If a 1.52g sample yields Mn3O4 weighing 0.126g, what would be the percent Mn3O3 in the sample? The percent of Mn?

Mn3O4 consists of Mn2O3 and MnO

All the manganese in the ore is converted into Mn3O4

Amount of Mn in Mn3O4 = (0.126/2.29) × (3 × 55)

= 0.091 g

% of Mn in the ore = (0.091/1.52 ) × 100

= 5.973 %

% ofMn2O3 = [0.126g Mn3O4 × (3 Mn2O3 / 3 Mn3O4) (Mn2O3 / Mn3O4 ) × 100 ]/ 1.52g sample

= 8.58 %

%Mn = [0.126g Mn3O4 × (3 Mn /Mn3O4) (gMn/Mn3O4) × 100] / 1.52g sample

={0.126g×[3(54.94)/228.8]1.52g}×100%

=5.97%

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