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(12) R. H. Whittaker (1969) :-
(A) He gave the Five kingdom system of classification.
(B) This classification was believed to be modern The five kingdom classification of Whittaker was based on 3 main characters
(a) Complexity of Cell :-Cell is prokaryote or Eukaryote , on this basis , kingdom Monera is formed. And all the prokaryotes are grouped in to it.
(b) Complexity of organism :-Organism is unicellular or multicellular , on this basis kingdom Protista was formed, and all the unicellular eukaryotes are grouped into it.
(c) Nutrition :-Organism is autotrophic or heterotrophic , on this basis kingdom Mycota, Plantae and Animalia were formed. Except fungi (heterotrophic) all the plants are autotrophs. Therefore fungi is separated from plants and placed in kingdom mycota. And remaining all the autotrophic plants are placed in kingdom - Plantae.
Since all the animals are heterotrophs, therefore they are placed in fifth kingdom i.e. kingdom Animalia.
FIVE KINGDOM
1. Monera :- All the prokaryotes (Eubacteria, Rickettsia Actinomycetes, BGA, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma)
2. Protista :- All the Unicellular eukaryotes (Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans)
3. Mycota :- True fungi
4. Plantae :- All the multicellular plants – Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm,Angiosperm
5. Animalia :- All the multicellular animals
Note : Carl Woese suggested separate kingdom for "Archaebacteria". He proposed six kingdom classification
Note : Domain is a super kingdom category and extra taxonamic catagory
FAQs on Whittaker 5 kingdom Classification - Biological Classification, Biology, Class 11
| 1. What is the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification? |  |
Ans. The Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification is a system of biological classification proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969. It categorizes organisms into five kingdoms based on their cellular structure, mode of nutrition, and other characteristics. The five kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (single-celled eukaryotes), Fungi (multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nutrients through absorption), Plantae (multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic), and Animalia (multicellular eukaryotes that ingest food).
| 2. What is the significance of the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification? | |
Ans. The Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification is significant because it provides a broader and more comprehensive framework for classifying organisms compared to earlier classification systems. It recognizes the diversity of organisms and incorporates their characteristics, such as cellular structure and mode of nutrition, into the classification process. This system helps scientists and biologists in identifying and studying different organisms, understanding their relationships, and studying their evolutionary history.
| 3. How does the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification differ from earlier classification systems? | |
Ans. The Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification differs from earlier classification systems, such as the two-kingdom and three-kingdom systems, by recognizing and incorporating more diversity among organisms. Earlier systems classified organisms into either two kingdoms (Plantae and Animalia) or three kingdoms (Plantae, Animalia, and Protista). However, the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification introduced three additional kingdoms (Monera, Protista, and Fungi) to accommodate a wider range of organisms and their characteristics.
| 4. What are the characteristics of each kingdom in the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification? | |
Ans. The characteristics of each kingdom in the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification are as follows:
- Monera: Unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Protista: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes, some can be colonial or multicellular, and exhibit diverse modes of nutrition.
- Fungi: Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitin, obtain nutrients through absorption, and reproduce through spores.
- Plantae: Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthetic, and autotrophic.
- Animalia: Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls, ingest food for nutrition, and exhibit complex organ systems.
| 5. How does the Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification contribute to our understanding of biodiversity? | |
Ans. The Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification contributes to our understanding of biodiversity by acknowledging and categorizing a wide range of organisms based on their unique characteristics. This classification system helps us appreciate the vast diversity of life forms on Earth, from simple unicellular organisms to complex multicellular organisms. It allows scientists to study and compare different organisms, their evolutionary relationships, and their ecological roles. The Whittaker 5 Kingdom Classification is a fundamental tool in the field of biology for understanding and exploring the rich biodiversity present in our natural world.
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